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: # -*-Mode: perl;-*- use perl, wherever it is
eval 'exec perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}'
if 0;
######################################################################
#
# Copyright 2003-2019 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
# can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
# Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
# Version 2.0.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
######################################################################
require 5.006_001;
use warnings;
BEGIN {
if ($ENV{DIRPROJECT} && $ENV{DIRPROJECT_PERL_BOOT}) {
# Magic to allow author testing of perl packages in local directory
require $ENV{DIRPROJECT}."/".$ENV{DIRPROJECT_PERL_BOOT};
}
}
use Getopt::Long;
use FindBin qw($RealBin $RealScript);
use IO::File;
use Pod::Usage;
use strict;
use vars qw($Debug @Opt_Verilator_Sw);
#######################################################################
#######################################################################
# main
autoflush STDOUT 1;
autoflush STDERR 1;
$Debug = 0;
my $opt_gdb;
my $opt_gdbbt;
my $opt_quiet_exit;
# No arguments can't do anything useful. Give help
if ($#ARGV < 0) {
pod2usage(-exitstatus=>2, -verbose=>0);
}
# Insert debugging options up front
push @ARGV, (split ' ',$ENV{VERILATOR_TEST_FLAGS}||"");
# We sneak a look at the flags so we can do some pre-environment checks
# All flags will hit verilator...
foreach my $sw (@ARGV) {
push @Opt_Verilator_Sw, $sw;
}
Getopt::Long::config("no_auto_abbrev","pass_through");
if (! GetOptions(
# Major operating modes
"help" => \&usage,
"debug:s" => \&debug,
# "version!" => \&version, # Also passthru'ed
# Switches
"gdb!" => \$opt_gdb,
"gdbbt!" => \$opt_gdbbt,
"quiet-exit!" => \$opt_quiet_exit,
# Additional parameters
"<>" => sub {}, # Ignored
)) {
pod2usage(-exitstatus=>2, -verbose=>0);
}
if ($opt_gdbbt && !gdb_works()) {
warn "-Info: --gdbbt ignored: gdb doesn't seem to be working\n" if $Debug;
$opt_gdbbt = 0;
}
# Determine runtime flags and run
# Opt_Verilator_Sw is what we want verilator to see on its argc/argv.
# Starting with that, escape all special chars for the shell;
# The shell will undo the escapes and the verilator binary should
# then see exactly the contents of @Opt_Verilator_Sw.
my @quoted_sw = map {sh_escape($_)} @Opt_Verilator_Sw;
if ($opt_gdb) {
# Generic GDB interactive
run (($ENV{VERILATOR_GDB}||"gdb")
." ".verilator_bin()
# Note, uncomment to set breakpoints before running:
# ." -ex 'break main'"
# Note, we must use double-quotes ("run <switches>")
# and not single ('run <switches>') below. Bash swallows
# escapes as you would expect in a double-quoted string.
# That's not true for a single-quoted string, where \'
# actually terminates the string -- not what we want!
." -ex \"run ".join(' ', @quoted_sw)."\""
." -ex 'set width 0'"
." -ex 'bt'");
} elsif ($opt_gdbbt && $Debug) {
# Run under GDB to get gdbbt
run ("gdb"
." ".verilator_bin()
." --batch --quiet --return-child-result"
." -ex \"run ".join(' ', @quoted_sw)."\""
." -ex 'set width 0'"
." -ex 'bt'");
} else {
# Normal, non gdb
run(verilator_bin()." ".join(' ',@quoted_sw));
}
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
sub usage {
pod2usage(-verbose=>2, -exitval=>2, -output=>\*STDOUT);
}
sub debug {
shift;
my $level = shift;
$Debug = $level||3;
}
#######################################################################
#######################################################################
# Builds
sub verilator_bin {
my $bin = "";
# Use VERILATOR_ROOT if defined, else assume verilator_bin is in the search path
my $basename = ($ENV{VERILATOR_BIN}
|| ($Debug ? "verilator_bin_dbg" : "verilator_bin"));
if (defined($ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT})) {
my $dir = $ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT};
if (-x "$dir/bin/$basename"
|| -x "$dir/bin/$basename.exe") { # From a "make install" into VERILATOR_ROOT
$bin = "$dir/bin/$basename";
} else {
$bin = "$dir/$basename"; # From pointing to kit directory
}
} else {
if (-x "$RealBin/$basename"
|| -x "$RealBin/$basename.exe") {
$bin = "$RealBin/$basename"; # From path/to/verilator with verilator_bin installed
} else {
$bin = $basename; # Find in PATH
}
# Note we don't look under bin/$basename which would be right if running
# in the kit dir. Running that would likely break, since
# VERILATOR_ROOT wouldn't be set and Verilator won't find internal files.
}
return $bin;
}
#######################################################################
#######################################################################
# Utilities
sub gdb_works {
$! = undef; # Cleanup -x
system("gdb /bin/echo"
." --batch-silent --quiet --return-child-result"
." -ex 'run -n'" # `echo -n`
." -ex 'set width 0'"
." -ex 'bt'");
my $status = $?;
return $status==0;
}
sub run {
# Run command, check errors
my $command = shift;
$! = undef; # Cleanup -x
print "\t$command\n" if $Debug>=3;
system($command);
my $status = $?;
if ($status) {
if ($! =~ /no such file or directory/i) {
warn "%Error: verilator: Misinstalled, or VERILATOR_ROOT might need to be in environment\n";
}
if ($Debug) { # For easy rerunning
warn "%Error: export VERILATOR_ROOT=".($ENV{VERILATOR_ROOT}||"")."\n";
warn "%Error: $command\n";
}
if ($status & 127) {
if (($status & 127) == 4 # SIGILL
|| ($status & 127) == 8 # SIGFPA
|| ($status & 127) == 11) { # SIGSEGV
warn "%Error: Verilator internal fault, sorry. Consider trying --debug --gdbbt\n" if !$Debug;
} elsif (($status & 127) == 6) { # SIGABRT
warn "%Error: Verilator aborted. Consider trying --debug --gdbbt\n" if !$Debug;
} else {
warn "%Error: Verilator threw signal $status. Consider trying --debug --gdbbt\n" if !$Debug;
}
}
if ($opt_quiet_exit) {
# Same return code as die
exit $! if $!; # errno
exit $? >> 8 if $? >> 8; # child exit status
exit 255; # last resort
} else {
die "%Error: Command Failed $command\n";
}
}
}
sub sh_escape {
my ($arg) = @_;
# This is similar to quotemeta() but less aggressive.
# There's no need to escape hyphens, periods, or forward slashes
# for the shell as these have no special meaning to the shell.
$arg =~ s/([^0-9a-zA-Z_\-\.\/])/\\$1/g;
return $arg;
}
#######################################################################
#######################################################################
package main;
__END__
=pod
=head1 NAME
Verilator - Convert Verilog code to C++/SystemC
=head1 SYNOPSIS
verilator --help
verilator --version
verilator --cc [options] [source_files.v]... [opt_c_files.cpp/c/cc/a/o/so]
verilator --sc [options] [source_files.v]... [opt_c_files.cpp/c/cc/a/o/so]
verilator --lint-only -Wall [source_files.v]...
=head1 DESCRIPTION
Verilator converts synthesizable (generally not behavioral) Verilog code,
plus some Synthesis, SystemVerilog and a small subset of Verilog AMS into
C++ or SystemC code. It is not a complete simulator, but a compiler.
Verilator is invoked with parameters similar to GCC, Cadence
Verilog-XL/NC-Verilog, or Synopsys's VCS. It reads the specified Verilog
code, lints it, and optionally adds coverage and waveform tracing code.
For C++ and SystemC formats, it outputs .cpp and .h files.
The files created by Verilator are then compiled with C++. The user writes
a little C++ wrapper file, which instantiates the top level module, and
passes this filename on the command line. These C files are compiled in
C++, and linked with the Verilated files.
The resulting executable will perform the actual simulation.
To get started, jump down to "EXAMPLE C++ EXECUTION".
=head1 ARGUMENT SUMMARY
This is a short summary of the arguments to Verilator itself. See the
detailed descriptions in L</"VERILATION ARGUMENTS"> for more information.
{file.v} Verilog package, module and top module filenames
{file.c/cc/cpp} Optional C++ files to compile in
{file.a/o/so} Optional C++ files to link in
+1364-1995ext+<ext> Use Verilog 1995 with file extension <ext>
+1364-2001ext+<ext> Use Verilog 2001 with file extension <ext>
+1364-2005ext+<ext> Use Verilog 2005 with file extension <ext>
+1800-2005ext+<ext> Use SystemVerilog 2005 with file extension <ext>
+1800-2009ext+<ext> Use SystemVerilog 2009 with file extension <ext>
+1800-2012ext+<ext> Use SystemVerilog 2012 with file extension <ext>
+1800-2017ext+<ext> Use SystemVerilog 2017 with file extension <ext>
--assert Enable all assertions
--autoflush Flush streams after all $displays
--bbox-sys Blackbox unknown $system calls
--bbox-unsup Blackbox unsupported language features
--bin <filename> Override Verilator binary
-CFLAGS <flags> C++ Compiler flags for makefile
--cc Create C++ output
--cdc Clock domain crossing analysis
--clk <signal-name> Mark specified signal as clock
--compiler <compiler-name> Tune for specified C++ compiler
--converge-limit <loops> Tune convergence settle time
--coverage Enable all coverage
--coverage-line Enable line coverage
--coverage-toggle Enable toggle coverage
--coverage-user Enable SVL user coverage
--coverage-underscore Enable coverage of _signals
-D<var>[=<value>] Set preprocessor define
--debug Enable debugging
--debug-check Enable debugging assertions
--no-debug-leak Disable leaking memory in --debug mode
--debugi <level> Enable debugging at a specified level
--debugi-<srcfile> <level> Enable debugging a source file at a level
--default-language <lang> Default language to parse
+define+<var>=<value> Set preprocessor define
--dump-defines Show preprocessor defines with -E
--dump-tree Enable dumping .tree files
--dump-treei <level> Enable dumping .tree files at a level
--dump-treei-<srcfile> <level> Enable dumping .tree file at a source file at a level
-E Preprocess, but do not compile
--error-limit <value> Abort after this number of errors
--exe Link to create executable
-F <file> Parse options from a file, relatively
-f <file> Parse options from a file
-FI <file> Force include of a file
-G<name>=<value> Overwrite toplevel parameter
--gdb Run Verilator under GDB interactively
--gdbbt Run Verilator under GDB for backtrace
--getenv <var> Get environment variable with defaults
--help Display this help
-I<dir> Directory to search for includes
--gate-stmts <value> Tune gate optimizer depth
--if-depth <value> Tune IFDEPTH warning
+incdir+<dir> Directory to search for includes
--inhibit-sim Create function to turn off sim
--inline-mult <value> Tune module inlining
-LDFLAGS <flags> Linker pre-object flags for makefile
-LDLIBS <flags> Linker library flags for makefile
--l2-name <value> Verilog scope name of the top module
--language <lang> Default language standard to parse
+libext+<ext>+[ext]... Extensions for finding modules
--lint-only Lint, but do not make output
--MMD Create .d dependency files
--MP Create phony dependency targets
--Mdir <directory> Name of output object directory
--mod-prefix <topname> Name to prepend to lower classes
--no-clk <signal-name> Prevent marking specified signal as clock
--no-decoration Disable comments and symbol decorations
--no-pins64 Don't use vluint64_t's for 33-64 bit sigs
--no-skip-identical Disable skipping identical output
+notimingchecks Ignored
-O0 Disable optimizations
-O3 High performance optimizations
-O<optimization-letter> Selectable optimizations
-o <executable> Name of final executable
--no-order-clock-delay Disable ordering clock enable assignments
--output-split <bytes> Split .cpp files into pieces
--output-split-cfuncs <statements> Split .cpp functions
--output-split-ctrace <statements> Split tracing functions
-P Disable line numbers and blanks with -E
--pins-bv <bits> Specify types for top level ports
--pins-sc-uint Specify types for top level ports
--pins-sc-biguint Specify types for top level ports
--pins-uint8 Specify types for top level ports
--pipe-filter <command> Filter all input through a script
--pp-comments Show preprocessor comments with -E
--prefix <topname> Name of top level class
--prof-cfuncs Name functions for profiling
--prof-threads Enable generating gantt chart data for threads
--private Debugging; see docs
--public Debugging; see docs
-pvalue+<name>=<value> Overwrite toplevel parameter
--quiet-exit Don't print the command on failure
--relative-includes Resolve includes relative to current file
--no-relative-cfuncs Disallow 'this->' in generated functions
--report-unoptflat Extra diagnostics for UNOPTFLAT
--savable Enable model save-restore
--sc Create SystemC output
--stats Create statistics file
--stats-vars Provide statistics on variables
-sv Enable SystemVerilog parsing
+systemverilogext+<ext> Synonym for +1800-2017ext+<ext>
--threads <threads> Enable multithreading
--threads-dpi <mode> Enable multithreaded DPI
--threads-max-mtasks <mtasks> Tune maximum mtask partitioning
--top-module <topname> Name of top level input module
--trace Enable waveform creation
--trace-fst Enable FST waveform creation
--trace-fst-thread Enable FST threaded waveform creation
--trace-depth <levels> Depth of tracing
--trace-max-array <depth> Maximum bit width for tracing
--trace-max-width <width> Maximum array depth for tracing
--trace-params Enable tracing parameters
--trace-structs Enable tracing structure names
--trace-underscore Enable tracing of _signals
-U<var> Undefine preprocessor define
--unroll-count <loops> Tune maximum loop iterations
--unroll-stmts <stmts> Tune maximum loop body size
--unused-regexp <regexp> Tune UNUSED lint signals
-V Verbose version and config
-v <filename> Verilog library
+verilog1995ext+<ext> Synonym for +1364-1995ext+<ext>
+verilog2001ext+<ext> Synonym for +1364-2001ext+<ext>
--version Displays program version and exits
--vpi Enable VPI compiles
-Wall Enable all style warnings
-Werror-<message> Convert warnings to errors
-Wfuture-<message> Disable unknown message warnings
-Wno-<message> Disable warning
-Wno-lint Disable all lint warnings
-Wno-style Disable all style warnings
-Wno-fatal Disable fatal exit on warnings
--x-assign <mode> Assign non-initial Xs to this value
--x-initial <mode> Assign initial Xs to this value
--x-initial-edge Enable initial X->0 and X->1 edge triggers
--xml-only Create XML parser output
-y <dir> Directory to search for modules
This is a short summary of the arguments to run-time Verilated arguments.
detailed descriptions in L</"RUNTIME ARGUMENTS"> for more information.
+verilator+debug Enable debugging
+verilator+debugi+<value> Enable debugging at a level
+verilator+help Display help
+verilator+prof+threads+file+I<filename> Set profile filename
+verilator+prof+threads+start+I<value> Set profile starting point
+verilator+prof+threads+window+I<value> Set profile duration
+verilator+rand+reset+I<value> Set random reset technique
+verilator+seed+I<value> Set random seed
+verilator+V Verbose version and config
+verilator+version Show version and exit
=head1 VERILATION ARGUMENTS
The following are the arguments that may be passed to Verilator itself.
=over 4
=item {file.v}
Specifies the Verilog file containing the top module to be Verilated.
=item {file.c/.cc/.cpp/.cxx}
Specifies optional C++ files to be linked in with the Verilog code. The
file path should either be absolute, or relative to where the make will be
executed from, or add to your makefile's VPATH the appropriate directory to
find the file.
If any C++ files are specified in this way, Verilator will include a make
rule that generates a I<module> executable. Without any C++ files,
Verilator will stop at the I<module>__ALL.a library, and presume you'll
continue linking with make rules you write yourself. See also the -CFLAGS
option.
=item {file.a/.o/.so}
Specifies optional object or library files to be linked in with the Verilog
code, as a shorthand for -LDFLAGS "<file>". The file path should either be
absolute, or relative to where the make will be executed from, or add to
your makefile's VPATH the appropriate directory to find the file.
If any files are specified in this way, Verilator will include a make rule
that uses these files when linking the I<module> executable. This
generally is only useful when used with the --exe option.
=item +1364-1995ext+I<ext>
=item +1364-2001ext+I<ext>
=item +1364-2005ext+I<ext>
=item +1800-2005ext+I<ext>
=item +1800-2009ext+I<ext>
=item +1800-2012ext+I<ext>
=item +1800-2017ext+I<ext>
Specifies the language standard to be used with a specific filename
extension, I<ext>.
For compatibility with other simulators, see also the synonyms
C<+verilog1995ext+>I<ext>, C<+verilog2001ext+>I<ext>, and
C<+systemverilogext+>I<ext>.
For any source file, the language specified by these options takes
precedence over any language specified by the C<--default-language> or
C<--language> options.
These options take effect in the order they are encountered. Thus the
following would use Verilog 1995 for C<a.v> and Verilog 2001 for C<b.v>.
verilator ... +1364-1995ext+v a.v +1364-2001ext+v b.v
These flags are only recommended for legacy mixed language designs, as the
preferable option is to edit the code to repair new keywords, or add
appropriate C<`begin_keywords>.
B<Note> C<`begin_keywords> is a SystemVerilog construct, which specifies
I<only> which the set of keywords is to be recognized. Whatever set is
chosen, the semantics will be those of SystemVerilog. By contrast
C<+1364-1995ext+> etc. specify both the syntax I<and> semantics to be used.
=item --assert
Enable all assertions.
=item --autoflush
After every $display or $fdisplay, flush the output stream. This ensures
that messages will appear immediately but may reduce performance; for best
performance call "fflush(stdout)" occasionally in the main C loop.
Defaults off, which will buffer output as provided by the normal C stdio
calls.
=item --bbox-sys
Black box any unknown $system task or function calls. System tasks will be
simply NOPed, and system functions will be replaced by unsized zero.
Arguments to such functions will be parsed, but not otherwise checked.
This prevents errors when linting in the presence of company specific PLI
calls.
=item --bbox-unsup
Black box some unsupported language features, currently UDP tables, the
cmos and tran gate primitives, deassign statements, and mixed edge errors.
This may enable linting the rest of the design even when unsupported
constructs are present.
=item --bin I<filename>
Rarely needed. Override the default filename for Verilator itself. When a
dependency (.d) file is created, this filename will become a source
dependency, such that a change in this binary will have make rebuild the
output files.
=item -CFLAGS I<flags>
Add specified C compiler flag to the generated makefiles. For multiple
flags either pass them as a single argument with space separators quoted in
the shell (C<-CFLAGS "-a -b">), or use multiple -CFLAGS arguments
(C<-CFLAGS -a -CFLAGS -b>).
When make is run on the generated makefile these will be passed to the C++
compiler (gcc/g++/msvc++).
=item --cc
Specifies C++ without SystemC output mode; see also --sc.
=item --cdc
Experimental. Perform some clock domain crossing checks and issue related
warnings (CDCRSTLOGIC) and then exit; if warnings other than CDC warnings
are needed make a second run with --lint-only. Additional warning
information is also written to the file {prefix}__cdc.txt.
Currently only checks some items that other CDC tools missed; if you have
interest in adding more traditional CDC checks, please contact the authors.
=item --clk I<signal-name>
Sometimes it is quite difficult for Verilator to distinguish clock signals from
other data signals. Occasionally the clock signals can end up in the checking
list of signals which determines if further evaluation is needed. This will
heavily degrade the performance of a Verilated model.
With --clk <signal-name>, user can specified root clock into the model, then
Verilator will mark the signal as clocker and propagate the clocker attribute
automatically to other signals derived from that. In this way, Verilator will
try to avoid taking the clocker signal into checking list.
Note signal-name is specified by the RTL hierarchy path. For example, v.foo.bar.
If the signal is the input to top-module, the directly the signal name. If you
find it difficult to find the exact name, try to use C</*verilator clocker*/> in
RTL file to mark the signal directly.
If clock signals are assigned to vectors and then later used individually,
Verilator will attempt to decompose the vector and connect the single-bit
clock signals directly. This should be transparent to the user.
=item --compiler I<compiler-name>
Enables tunings and workarounds for the specified C++ compiler.
=over 4
=item clang
Tune for clang. This may reduce execution speed as it enables several
workarounds to avoid silly hardcoded limits in clang. This includes
breaking deep structures as for msvc as described below.
=item gcc
Tune for GNU C++, although generated code should work on almost any
compliant C++ compiler. Currently the default.
=item msvc
Tune for Microsoft Visual C++. This may reduce execution speed as it
enables several workarounds to avoid silly hardcoded limits in MSVC++.
This includes breaking deeply nested parenthesized expressions into
sub-expressions to avoid error C1009, and breaking deep blocks into
functions to avoid error C1061.
=back
=item --converge-limit I<loops>
Rarely needed. Specifies the maximum number of runtime iterations before
creating a model failed to converge error. Defaults to 100.
=item --coverage
Enables all forms of coverage, alias for "--coverage-line --coverage-toggle
--coverage-user".
=item --coverage-line
Specifies basic block line coverage analysis code should be inserted.
Coverage analysis adds statements at each code flow change point, which are
the branches of IF and CASE statements, a super-set of normal Verilog Line
Coverage. At each such branch a unique counter is incremented. At the end
of a test, the counters along with the filename and line number
corresponding to each counter are written into logs/coverage.dat.
Verilator automatically disables coverage of branches that have a $stop in
them, as it is assumed $stop branches contain an error check that should
not occur. A /*verilator coverage_block_off*/ comment will perform a
similar function on any code in that block or below, or /*verilator
coverage_on/coverage_off*/ will disable coverage around lines of code.
Note Verilator may over-count combinatorial (non-clocked) blocks when those
blocks receive signals which have had the UNOPTFLAT warning disabled; for
most accurate results do not disable this warning when using coverage.
=item --coverage-toggle
Specifies signal toggle coverage analysis code should be inserted.
Every bit of every signal in a module has a counter inserted. The counter
will increment on every edge change of the corresponding bit.
Signals that are part of tasks or begin/end blocks are considered local
variables and are not covered. Signals that begin with underscores, are
integers, or are very wide (>256 bits total storage across all dimensions)
are also not covered.
Hierarchy is compressed, such that if a module is instantiated multiple
times, coverage will be summed for that bit across ALL instantiations of
that module with the same parameter set. A module instantiated with
different parameter values is considered a different module, and will get
counted separately.
Verilator makes a minimally-intelligent decision about what clock domain
the signal goes to, and only looks for edges in that clock domain. This
means that edges may be ignored if it is known that the edge could never be
seen by the receiving logic. This algorithm may improve in the future.
The net result is coverage may be lower than what would be seen by looking
at traces, but the coverage is a more accurate representation of the
quality of stimulus into the design.
There may be edges counted near time zero while the model stabilizes. It's
a good practice to zero all coverage just before releasing reset to prevent
counting such behavior.
A /*verilator coverage_off/on */ comment pair can be used around signals
that do not need toggle analysis, such as RAMs and register files.
=item --coverage-underscore
Enable coverage of signals that start with an underscore. Normally, these
signals are not covered. See also --trace-underscore.
=item --coverage-user
Enables user inserted functional coverage. Currently, all functional
coverage points are specified using SVA which must be separately enabled
with --assert.
For example, the following statement will add a coverage point, with
the comment "DefaultClock":
DefaultClock: cover property (@(posedge clk) cyc==3);
=item -DI<var>=I<value>
Defines the given preprocessor symbol, without allowing. Similar to
+define; +define is fairly standard across Verilog tools while -D is an
alias for GCC compatibility.
=item --debug
Select the debug built image of Verilator (if available), and enable more
internal assertions (equivalent to C<--debug-check>), debugging messages
(equivalent to C<--debugi 4>), and intermediate form dump files (equivalent
to C<--dump-treei 3>).
=item --debug-check
Rarely needed. Enable internal debugging assertion checks, without
changing debug verbosity. Enabled automatically when --debug specified.
=item --no-debug-leak
In --debug mode, by default Verilator intentionally leaks AstNode's
instead of freeing them, so that each node pointer is unique in the
resulting tree files and dot files.
This option disables the leak. This may avoid out-of-memory errors
when Verilating large models in --debug mode.
Outside of --debug mode, AstNode's should never be leaked and this option
has no effect.
=item --debugi I<level>
=item --debugi-I<srcfile> I<level>
Rarely needed - for developer use. Set internal debugging level globally
to the specified debug level (1-10) or set the specified Verilator source
file to the specified level (e.g. C<--debugi-V3Width 9>). Higher levels
produce more detailed messages.
=item --default-language I<value>
Select the language to be used by default when first processing each
Verilog file. The language value must be "1364-1995", "1364-2001",
"1364-2005", "1800-2005", "1800-2009", "1800-2012" or "1800-2017".
Any language associated with a particular file extension (see the various
+I<lang>ext+ options) will be used in preference to the language specified
by --default-language.
The --default-language flag is only recommended for legacy code using the
same language in all source files, as the preferable option is to edit the
code to repair new keywords, or add appropriate C<`begin_keywords>. For
legacy mixed language designs, the various +I<lang>ext+ options should be
used.
If no language is specified, either by this flag or +I<lang>ext+ options,
then the latest SystemVerilog language (IEEE 1800-2017) is used.
=item +define+I<var>=I<value>
=item +define+I<var>=I<value>+I<var2>=I<value2>...
Defines the given preprocessor symbol, or multiple symbols if separated by
plusses. Similar to -D; +define is fairly standard across Verilog tools
while -D is an alias for GCC compatibility.
=item --dump-defines
With -E, suppress normal output, and instead print a list of all defines
existing at the end of pre-processing the input files. Similar to GCC "-dM"
option. This also gives you a way of finding out what is predefined in
Verilator using the command:
touch foo.v ; verilator -E --dump-defines foo.v
=item --dump-tree
Rarely needed. Enable writing .tree debug files with dumping level 3,
which dumps the standard critical stages. For details on the format see
the Verilator Internals manual. --dump-tree is enabled automatically with
--debug, so "--debug --no-dump-tree" may be useful if the dump files are
large and not desired.
=item --dump-treei I<level>
=item --dump-treei-I<srcfile> I<level>
Rarely needed - for developer use. Set internal tree dumping level
globally to a specific dumping level or set the specified Verilator source
file to the specified tree dumping level (e.g. C<--dump-treei-V3Order 9>).
Level 0 disbles dumps and is equivalent to "--no-dump-tree". Level 9
enables dumping of every stage.
=item -E
Preprocess the source code, but do not compile, as with 'gcc -E'. Output
is written to standard out. Beware of enabling debugging messages, as they
will also go to standard out.
=item --error-limit I<value>
After this number of errors or warnings are encountered, exit. Defaults to
50.
=item --exe
Generate an executable. You will also need to pass additional .cpp files on
the command line that implement the main loop for your simulation.
=item -F I<file>
Read the specified file, and act as if all text inside it was specified as
command line parameters. Any relative paths are relative to the directory
containing the specified file. See also -f. Note -F is fairly standard
across Verilog tools.
=item -f I<file>
Read the specified file, and act as if all text inside it was specified as
command line parameters. Any relative paths are relative to the current
directory. See also -F. Note -f is fairly standard across Verilog tools.
The file may contain // comments which are ignored to the end of the line.
Any $VAR, $(VAR), or ${VAR} will be replaced with the specified environment
variable.
=item -FI I<file>
Force include of the specified C++ header file. All generated C++ files
will insert a #include of the specified file before any other includes. The
specified file might be used to contain define prototypes of custom
VL_VPRINTF functions, and may need to include verilatedos.h as this file is
included before any other standard includes.
=item -GI<name>=I<value>
Overwrites the given parameter of the toplevel module. The value is limited
to basic data literals:
=over 4
=item Verilog integer literals
The standard verilog integer literals are supported, so values like 32'h8,
2'b00, 4 etc. are allowed. Care must be taken that the single quote (I') is
properly escaped in an interactive shell, e.g., as -GWIDTH=8\'hx.
=item C integer literals
It is also possible to use C integer notation, including hexadecimal (0x..),
octal (0..) or binary (0b..) notation.
=item Double literals
Double literals must contain a dot (.) and/or an exponent (e).
=item Strings
String must in double quotes (""). On the command line it is required to escape
them properly, e.g. as -GSTR="\"My String\"" or -GSTR='"My String"'.
=back
=item --gate-stmts I<value>
Rarely needed. Set the maximum number of statements that may be present in
an equation for the gate substitution optimization to inline that equation.
=item --gdb
Run Verilator underneath an interactive GDB (or VERILATOR_GDB environment
variable value) session. See also --gdbbt.
=item --gdbbt
If --debug is specified, run Verilator underneath a GDB process and print a
backtrace on exit, then exit GDB immediately. Without --debug or if GDB
doesn't seem to work, this flag is ignored. Intended for easy creation of
backtraces by users; otherwise see the --gdb flag.
=item --getenv I<variable>
If the variable is declared in the environment, print it and exit
immediately. Otherwise, if it's built into Verilator (e.g. VERILATOR_ROOT),
print that and exit immediately. Otherwise, print a newline and exit
immediately. This can be useful in makefiles. See also -V, and the various
*.mk files.
=item --help
Displays this message and program version and exits.
=item -II<dir>
See -y.
=item --if-depth I<value>
Rarely needed. Set the depth at which the IFDEPTH warning will fire,
defaults to 0 which disables this warning.
=item +incdir+I<dir>
See -y.
=item --inhibit-sim
Rarely needed. Create a "inhibitSim(bool)" function to enable and disable
evaluation. This allows an upper level testbench to disable modules that
are not important in a given simulation, without needing to recompile or
change the SystemC modules instantiated.
=item --inline-mult I<value>
Tune the inlining of modules. The default value of 2000 specifies that up
to 2000 new operations may be added to the model by inlining, if more than
this number of operations would result, the module is not inlined. Larger
values, or a value < 1 will inline everything, will lead to longer compile
times, but potentially faster runtimes. This setting is ignored for very
small modules; they will always be inlined, if allowed.
=item -LDFLAGS I<flags>
Add specified C linker flags to the generated makefiles. For multiple
flags either pass them as a single argument with space separators quoted in
the shell (C<-LDFLAGS "-a -b">), or use multiple -LDFLAGS arguments
(C<-LDFLAGS -a -LDFLAGS -b>).
When make is run on the generated makefile these will be passed to the C++
linker (ld) *after* the primary file being linked. This flag is called
-LDFLAGS as that's the traditional name in simulators; it's would have been
better called LDLIBS as that's the Makefile variable it controls. (In
Make, LDFLAGS is before the first object, LDLIBS after. -L libraries need
to be in the Make variable LDLIBS, not LDFLAGS.)
=item --l2-name I<value>
Instead of using the module name when showing Verilog scope, use the name
provided. This allows simplifying some Verilator-embedded modeling
methodologies. Default is an l2-name matching the top module. The default
before 3.884 was "--l2-name v"
For example, the program "module t; initial $display("%m"); endmodule" will
show by default "t". With "--l2-name v" it will print "v".
=item --language I<value>
A synonym for C<--default-language>, for compatibility with other tools and
earlier versions of Verilator.
=item +libext+I<ext>+I<ext>...
Specify the extensions that should be used for finding modules. If for
example module I<x> is referenced, look in I<x>.I<ext>. Note +libext+ is
fairly standard across Verilog tools. Defaults to .v and .sv.
=item --lint-only
Check the files for lint violations only, do not create any other output.
You may also want the -Wall option to enable messages that are considered
stylistic and not enabled by default.
If the design is not to be completely Verilated see also the --bbox-sys and
--bbox-unsup options.
=item --MMD
Enable creation of .d dependency files, used for make dependency detection,
similar to gcc -MMD option. On by default, use --no-MMD to disable.
=item --MP
When creating .d dependency files with --MMD, make phony targets. Similar
to gcc -MP option.
=item --Mdir I<directory>
Specifies the name of the Make object directory. All generated files will
be placed in this directory. If not specified, "obj_dir" is used. The
directory is created if it does not exist and the parent directories exist;
otherwise manually create the Mdir before calling Verilator.
=item --mod-prefix I<topname>
Specifies the name to prepend to all lower level classes. Defaults to
the same as --prefix.
=item --no-clk I<signal-name>
Prevent the specified signal from being marked as clock. See C<--clk>.
=item --no-decoration
When creating output Verilated code, minimize comments, whitespace, symbol
names and other decorative items, at the cost of greatly reduced
readability. This may assist C++ compile times. This will not typically
change the ultimate model's performance, but may in some cases.
=item --no-pins64
Backward compatible alias for "--pins-bv 33".
=item --no-relative-cfuncs
Disable 'this->' references in generated functions, and instead Verilator
will generate absolute references starting from 'vlTOPp->'. This prevents
V3Combine from merging functions from multiple instances of the same
module, so it can grow the instruction stream.
This is a work around for old compilers. Don't set this if your C++
compiler supports __restrict__ properly, as GCC 4.5.x and newer do. For
older compilers, test if this switch gives you better performance or not.
Compilers which don't honor __restrict__ will suspect that 'this->'
references and 'vlTOPp->' references may alias, and may write slow code
with extra loads and stores to handle the (imaginary) aliasing. Using only
'vlTOPp->' references allows these old compilers to produce tight code.
=item --no-skip-identical
Rarely needed. Disables skipping execution of Verilator if all source
files are identical, and all output files exist with newer dates.
=item +notimingchecks
Ignored for compatibility with other simulators.
=item -O0
Disables optimization of the model.
=item -O3
Enables slow optimizations for the code Verilator itself generates (as
opposed to "-CFLAGS -O3" which effects the C compiler's optimization. -O3
may reduce simulation runtimes at the cost of compile time. This currently
sets --inline-mult -1.
=item -OI<optimization-letter>
Rarely needed. Enables or disables a specific optimizations, with the
optimization selected based on the letter passed. A lowercase letter
disables an optimization, an upper case letter enables it. This is
intended for debugging use only; see the source code for version-dependent
mappings of optimizations to -O letters.
=item -o I<executable>
Specify the name for the final executable built if using --exe. Defaults
to the --prefix if not specified.
=item --no-order-clock-delay
Rarely needed. Disables a bug fix for ordering of clock enables with
delayed assignments. This flag should only be used when suggested by the
developers.
=item --output-split I<bytes>
Enables splitting the output .cpp files into multiple outputs. When a C++
file exceeds the specified number of operations, a new file will be created
at the next function boundary. In addition, any infrequently executed
"cold" routines will be placed into __Slow files. This accelerates
compilation by as optimization can be disabled on the routines in __Slow,
and the remaining files can be compiled on parallel machines. Using
--output-split should have only a trivial impact on performance. With GCC
3.3 on a 2GHz Opteron, --output-split 20000 will result in splitting into
approximately one-minute-compile chunks.
=item --output-split-cfuncs I<statements>
Enables splitting functions in the output .cpp files into multiple
functions. When a generated function exceeds the specified number of
operations, a new function will be created. With --output-split, this will
enable GCC to compile faster, at a small loss in performance that gets
worse with decreasing split values. Note that this option is stronger than
--output-split in the sense that --output-split will not split inside a
function.
=item --output-split-ctrace I<statements>
Enables splitting trace functions in the output .cpp files into
multiple functions. Defaults to same setting as --output-split-cfuncs.
=item -P
With -E, disable generation of `line markers and blank lines, similar to
GCC -P flag.
=item --pins64
Backward compatible alias for "--pins-bv 65". Note that's a 65, not a 64.
=item --pins-bv I<width>
Specifies SystemC inputs/outputs of greater than or equal to I<width> bits
wide should use sc_bv's instead of uint32/vluint64_t's. The default is
"--pins-bv 65", and the value must be less than or equal to 65. Versions
before Verilator 3.671 defaulted to "--pins-bv 33". The more sc_bv is
used, the worse for performance. Use the "/*verilator sc_bv*/" attribute
to select specific ports to be sc_bv.
=item --pins-sc-uint
Specifies SystemC inputs/outputs of greater than 2 bits wide should use
sc_uint between 2 and 64. When combined with the "--pins-sc-biguint"
combination, it results in sc_uint being used between 2 and 64 and
sc_biguint being used between 65 and 512.
=item --pins-sc-biguint
Specifies SystemC inputs/outputs of greater than 65 bits wide should use
sc_biguint between 65 and 512, and sc_bv from 513 upwards. When combined
with the "--pins-sc-uint" combination, it results in sc_uint being used
between 2 and 64 and sc_biguint being used between 65 and 512.
=item --pins-uint8
Specifies SystemC inputs/outputs that are smaller than the --pins-bv
setting and 8 bits or less should use uint8_t instead of uint32_t.
Likewise pins of width 9-16 will use uint16_t instead of uint32_t.
=item --pipe-filter I<command>
Rarely needed and experimental. Verilator will spawn the specified command
as a subprocess pipe, to allow the command to perform custom edits on the
Verilog code before it reaches Verilator.
Before reading each Verilog file, Verilator will pass the file name to the
subprocess' stdin with 'read_verilog "<filename>"'. The filter may then
read the file and perform any filtering it desires, and feeds the new file
contents back to Verilator on stdout with 'Content-Length'. Output to
stderr from the filter feeds through to Verilator's stdout and if the
filter exits with non-zero status Verilator terminates. See the
t/t_pipe_filter test for an example.
To debug the output of the filter, try using the -E option to see
preprocessed output.
=item --pp-comments
With -E, show comments in preprocessor output.
=item --prefix I<topname>
Specifies the name of the top level class and makefile. Defaults to V
prepended to the name of the --top-module switch, or V prepended to the
first Verilog filename passed on the command line.
=item --prof-cfuncs
Modify the created C++ functions to support profiling. The functions will
be minimized to contain one "basic" statement, generally a single always
block or wire statement. (Note this will slow down the executable by ~5%.)
Furthermore, the function name will be suffixed with the basename of the
Verilog module and line number the statement came from. This allows gprof
or oprofile reports to be correlated with the original Verilog source
statements. See also L<verilator_profcfunc>.
=item --prof-threads
Enable gantt chart data collection for threaded builds.
Verilator will record the start and end time of each macro-task across a
number of calls to eval. (What is a macro-task? See the Verilator internals
document.)
When profiling is enabled, the runtime will emit a blurb of profiling data
in non-human-friendly form. The C<verilator_gantt> script will transform
this into a nicer visual format and produce some related statistics.
=item --private
Opposite of --public. Is the default; this option exists for backwards
compatibility.
=item --public
This is only for historical debug use. Using it may result in
mis-simulation of generated clocks.
Declares all signals and modules public. This will turn off signal
optimizations as if all signals had a /*verilator public*/ comments and
inlining. This will also turn off inlining as if all modules had a
/*verilator public_module*/, unless the module specifically enabled it with
/*verilator inline_module*/.
=item -pvalue+I<name>=I<value>
Overwrites the given parameter(s) of the toplevel module. See -G for a
detailed description.
=item --quiet-exit
When exiting due to an error, do not display the "Command Failed" message.
=item --relative-includes
When a file references an include file, resolve the filename relative to
the path of the referencing file, instead of relative to the current
directory.
=item --report-unoptflat
Extra diagnostics for UNOPTFLAT warnings. This includes for each loop, the
10 widest variables in the loop, and the 10 most fanned out variables in
the loop. These are candidates for splitting into multiple variables to
break the loop.
In addition produces a GraphViz DOT file of the entire strongly connected
components within the source associated with each loop. This is produced
irrespective of whether --dump-tree is set. Such graphs may help in
analyzing the problem, but can be very large indeed.
Various commands exist for viewing and manipulating DOT files. For example
the I<dot> command can be used to convert a DOT file to a PDF for
printing. For example:
dot -Tpdf -O Vt_unoptflat_simple_2_35_unoptflat.dot
will generate a PDF Vt_unoptflat_simple_2_35_unoptflat.dot.pdf from the DOT
file.
=item --savable
Enable including save and restore functions in the generated model.
The user code must create a VerilatedSerialize or VerilatedDeserialze
object then calling the << or >> operators on the generated model and any
other data the process needs saved/restored. These functions are not
thread safe, and are typically called only by a main thread.
For example:
void save_model(const char* filenamep) {
VerilatedSave os;
os.open(filenamep);
os << main_time; // user code must save the timestamp, etc
os << *topp;
}
void restore_model(const char* filenamep) {
VerilatedRestore os;
os.open(filenamep);
os >> main_time;
os >> *topp;
}
=item --sc
Specifies SystemC output mode; see also --cc.
=item --stats
Creates a dump file with statistics on the design in {prefix}__stats.txt.
=item --stats-vars
Creates more detailed statistics, including a list of all the variables by
size (plain --stats just gives a count). See --stats, which is implied by
this.
=item -sv
Specifies SystemVerilog language features should be enabled; equivalent to
"--language 1800-2005". This option is selected by default, it exists for
compatibility with other simulators.
=item +systemverilogext+I<ext>
A synonym for C<+1800-2017ext+>I<ext>.
=item --threads I<threads>
=item --no-threads
With --threads 0 or --no-threads, the default, the generated model is not
thread safe. With --threads 1, the generated model is single threaded but
may run in a multithreaded environment. With --threads N, where N >= 2, the
model is generated to run multithreaded on up to N threads. See
L</"MULTITHREADING">.
=item --threads-dpi all
=item --threads-dpi none
=item --threads-dpi pure
When using --dpi with --threads, control what DPI tasks are thread safe.
With --threads-dpi all, enable Verilator to assume all DPI imports are
threadsafe, and to use thread-local storage for communication with DPI,
potentially improving performance. Any DPI libraries need appropriate
mutexes to avoid undefined behavior.
With --threads-dpi none, Verilator assume DPI imports are not thread safe,
and Verilator will serialize calls to DPI imports by default, potentially
harming performance.
With --threads-dpi pure, the default, Verilator assumes DPI pure imports
are threadsafe, but non-pure DPI imports are not.
=item --threads-max-mtasks I<value>
Rarely needed. When using --threads, specify the number of mtasks the
model is to be partitioned into. If unspecified, Verilator approximates a
good value.
=item --top-module I<topname>
When the input Verilog contains more than one top level module, specifies
the name of the top level Verilog module to become the top, and sets the
default for if --prefix is not used. This is not needed with standard
designs with only one top.
=item --trace
Adds waveform tracing code to the model using VCD format. This overrides
C<--trace-fst>.
Verilator will generate additional {prefix}__Trace*.cpp files that will
need to be compiled. In addition verilated_vcd_sc.cpp (for SystemC traces)
or verilated_vcd_c.cpp (for both) must be compiled and linked in. If using
the Verilator generated Makefiles, these files will be added as source
targets for you. If you're not using the Verilator makefiles, you will
need to add these to your Makefile manually.
Having tracing compiled in may result in some small performance losses,
even when waveforms are not turned on during model execution.
=item --trace-fst
Enable FST waveform tracing in the model. This overrides C<--trace> and
C<--trace-fst-thread>. See also C<--trace-fst-thread>.
=item --trace-fst-thread
Enable FST waveform tracing in the model, using a separate thread. This is
typically faster in runtime but slower in total computes than
C<--trace-fst>. This overrides C<--trace> and C<--trace-fst>.
=item --trace-depth I<levels>
Specify the number of levels deep to enable tracing, for example
--trace-level 1 to only see the top level's signals. Defaults to the
entire model. Using a small number will decrease visibility, but greatly
improve runtime and trace file size.
=item --trace-max-array I<depth>
Rarely needed. Specify the maximum array depth of a signal that may be
traced. Defaults to 32, as tracing large arrays may greatly slow traced
simulations.
=item --trace-max-width I<width>
Rarely needed. Specify the maximum bit width of a signal that may be
traced. Defaults to 256, as tracing large vectors may greatly slow traced
simulations.
=item --no-trace-params
Disable tracing of parameters.
=item --trace-structs
Enable tracing to show the name of packed structure, union, and packed
array fields, rather than a simgle combined packed bus. Due to VCD file
format constraints this may result in significantly slower trace times and
larger trace files.
=item --trace-underscore
Enable tracing of signals that start with an underscore. Normally, these
signals are not output during tracing. See also --coverage-underscore.
=item -UI<var>
Undefines the given preprocessor symbol.
=item --unroll-count I<loops>
Rarely needed. Specifies the maximum number of loop iterations that may be
unrolled. See also BLKLOOPINIT warning.
=item --unroll-stmts I<statements>
Rarely needed. Specifies the maximum number of statements in a loop for
that loop to be unrolled. See also BLKLOOPINIT warning.
=item --unused-regexp I<regexp>
Rarely needed. Specifies a simple regexp with * and ? that if a signal
name matches will suppress the UNUSED warning. Defaults to "*unused*".
Setting it to "" disables matching.
=item -V
Shows the verbose version, including configuration information compiled
into Verilator. (Similar to perl -V.) See also --getenv.
=item -v I<filename>
Read the filename as a Verilog library. Any modules in the file may be
used to resolve cell instantiations in the top level module, else ignored.
Note -v is fairly standard across Verilog tools.
=item +verilog1995ext+I<ext>
=item +verilog2001ext+I<ext>
Synonyms for C<+1364-1995ext+>I<ext> and C<+1364-2001ext+>I<ext> respectively
=item --version
Displays program version and exits.
=item --vpi
Enable use of VPI and linking against the verilated_vpi.cpp files.
=item -Wall
Enable all code style warnings, including code style warnings that are
normally disabled by default. Equivelent to "-Wwarn-lint -Wwarn-style".
Excludes some specialty warnings, i.e. IMPERFECTSCH.
=item -Werror-I<message>
Convert the specified warning message into an error message. This is
generally to discourage users from violating important site-wide rules, for
example C<-Werror-NOUNOPTFLAT>.
=item -Wfuture-I<message>
Rarely needed. Suppress unknown Verilator comments or warning messages
with the given message code. This is used to allow code written with
pragmas for a later version of Verilator to run under a older version; add
-Wfuture- arguments for each message code or comment that the new version
supports which the older version does not support.
=item -Wno-I<message>
Disable the specified warning message, or in some cases where noted here
disable an error. This will override any lint_on directives in the source,
i.e. the warning will still not be printed.
=item -Wno-lint
Disable all lint related warning messages, and all style warnings. This is
equivalent to "-Wno-ALWCOMBORDER -Wno-BSSPACE -Wno-CASEINCOMPLETE
-Wno-CASEOVERLAP -Wno-CASEX -Wno-CASEWITHX -Wno-CMPCONST -Wno-COLONPLUS
-Wno-ENDLABEL -Wno-IMPLICIT -Wno-LITENDIAN -Wno-PINCONNECTEMPTY
-Wno-PINMISSING -Wno-SYNCASYNCNET -Wno-UNDRIVEN -Wno-UNSIGNED -Wno-UNUSED
-Wno-WIDTH" plus the list shown for Wno-style.
It is strongly recommended you cleanup your code rather than using this
option, it is only intended to be use when running test-cases of code
received from third parties.
=item -Wno-style
Disable all code style related warning messages (note by default they are
already disabled). This is equivalent to "-Wno-DECLFILENAME -Wno-DEFPARAM
-Wno-IMPORTSTAR -Wno-INCABSPATH -Wno-PINCONNECTEMPTY -Wno-PINNOCONNECT
-Wno-SYNCASYNCNET -Wno-UNDRIVEN -Wno-UNUSED -Wno-VARHIDDEN".
=item -Wno-fatal
When warnings are detected, print them, but do not exit the simulator.
Having warning messages in builds is sloppy. It is strongly recommended
you cleanup your code, use inline lint_off, or use -Wno-... flags rather
than using this option.
=item -Wwarn-I<message>
Enables the specified warning message.
=item -Wwarn-lint
Enable all lint related warning messages (note by default they are already
enabled), but do not affect style messages. This is equivalent to
"-Wwarn-ALWCOMBORDER -Wwarn-BSSPACE -Wwarn-CASEINCOMPLETE
-Wwarn-CASEOVERLAP -Wwarn-CASEX -Wwarn-CASEWITHX -Wwarn-CMPCONST
-Wwarn-COLONPLUS -Wwarn-ENDLABEL -Wwarn-IMPLICIT -Wwarn-LITENDIAN
-Wwarn-PINMISSING -Wwarn-REALCVT -Wwarn-UNSIGNED -Wwarn-WIDTH".
=item -Wwarn-style
Enable all code style related warning messages. This is equivalent to
"-Wwarn ASSIGNDLY -Wwarn-DECLFILENAME -Wwarn-DEFPARAM -Wwarn-INCABSPATH
-Wwarn-PINNOCONNECT -Wwarn-SYNCASYNCNET -Wwarn-UNDRIVEN -Wwarn-UNUSED
-Wwarn-VARHIDDEN".
=item --x-assign 0
=item --x-assign 1
=item --x-assign fast (default)
=item --x-assign unique
Controls the two-state value that is replaced when an assignment to X is
encountered. C<--x-assign fast>, the default, converts all Xs to whatever is
best for performance. C<--x-assign 0> converts all Xs to 0s, and is also fast.
C<--x-assign 1> converts all Xs to 1s, this is nearly as fast as 0, but more
likely to find reset bugs as active high logic will fire. C<--x-assign unique>
will call a function to determine the value, this allows randomization of
all Xs to find reset bugs and is the slowest, but safest for finding reset
bugs in code.
If using --x-assign unique, you may want to seed your random number
generator such that each regression run gets a different randomization
sequence. Use the system's srand48() or for Windows srand() function to do
this. You'll probably also want to print any seeds selected, and code to
enable rerunning with that same seed so you can reproduce bugs.
B<Note.> This option applies only to variables which are explicitly assigned
to X in the Verilog source code. Initial values of clocks are set to 0 unless
--x-initial-edge is specified. Initial values of all other state holding
variables are controlled with --x-initial.
=item --x-initial 0
=item --x-initial fast
=item --x-initial unique (default)
Controls the two-state value that is used to initialize variables that are
not otherwise initialized.
C<--x-initial 0>, initializes all otherwise uninitialized variables to zero.
C<--x-initial unique>, the default, initializes variables using a function,
which determines the value to use each initialization. This gives greatest
flexibility and allows finding reset bugs. See L</"Unknown states">.
C<--x-initial fast>, is best for performance, and initializes all variables to
a state Verilator determines is optimal. This may allow further code
optimizations, but will likely hide any code bugs relating to missing
resets.
B<Note.> This option applies only to initial values of variables. Initial
values of clocks are set to 0 unless --x-initial-edge is specified.
=item --x-initial-edge
Enables emulation of event driven simulators which generally trigger an
edge on a transition from X to 1 (C<posedge>) or X to 0 (C<negedge>). Thus
the following code, where C<rst_n> is uninitialized would set C<res_n> to
C<1'b1> when C<rst_n> is first set to zero:
reg res_n = 1'b0;
always @(negedge rst_n) begin
if (rst_n == 1'b0) begin
res_n <= 1'b1;
end
end
In Verilator, by default, uninitialized clocks are given a value of zero,
so the above C<always> block would not trigger.
While it is not good practice, there are some designs that rely on X
E<rarr> 0 triggering a C<negedge>, particularly in reset sequences. Using
--x-initial-edge with Verilator will replicate this behavior. It will also
ensure that X E<rarr> 1 triggers a C<posedge>.
B<Note.> Some users have reported that using this option can affect
convergence, and that it may be necessary to use --converge-limit to
increase the number of convergence iterations. This may be another
indication of problems with the modeled design that should be addressed.
=item --xml-only
Create XML output only, do not create any other output.
The XML format is intended to be used to leverage Verilator's parser and
elaboration to feed to other downstream tools. Be aware that the XML format
is still evolving; there will be some changes in future versions.
=item -y I<dir>
Add the directory to the list of directories that should be searched for
include files or libraries. The three flags -y, +incdir and -I have
similar effect; +incdir and +y are fairly standard across Verilog tools while -I
is an alias for GCC compatibility.
Verilator defaults to the current directory ("-y .") and any specified
--Mdir, though these default paths are used after any user specified
directories. This allows '-y "$(pwd)"' to be used if absolute filenames
are desired for error messages instead of relative filenames.
=back
=head1 RUNTIME ARGUMENTS
The following are the arguments that may be passed to a Verilated
executable, provided that executable calls Verilated::commandArgs().
All runtime arguments begin with +verilator, so that the user's executable
may skip over all +verilator arguments when parsing its command line.
=over 4
=item +verilator+debug
Enable debugging. Equivalent to +verilator+debugi+4.
=item +verilator+debugi+I<value>
Enable debugging at the provided level.
=item +verilator+help
Display help and exit.
=item +verilator+prof+threads+file+I<filename>
When using --prof-threads, the filename to dump to. Defaults to
"profile_threads.dat".
=item +verilator+prof+threads+start+I<value>
When using --prof-threads, Verilator will wait until $time is at this
value, then start the profiling warmup, then capturing. Generally this
should be set to some time that is well within the normal operation of the
simulation, i.e. outside of reset. If 0, the dump is disabled. Defaults to
1.
=item +verilator+prof+threads+window+I<value>
When using --prof-threads, after $time reaches
+verilator+prof+threads+start, Verilator will warm up the profiling for
this number of eval() calls, then will capture the profiling of this number
of eval() calls. Defaults to 2, which makes sense for a
single-clock-domain module where it's typical to want to capture one
posedge eval() and one negedge eval().
=item +verilator+rand+reset+I<value>
When a model was Verilated using "-x-initial unique", sets the
initialization technique. 0 = Reset to zeros. 1 = Reset to all-ones. 2 =
Randomize. See L</"Unknown states">.
=item +verilator+seed+I<value>
For $random and "-x-initial unique", set the random seed value. If zero or
not specified picks a value from the system random number generator.
=item +verilator+V
Shows the verbose version, including configuration information.
=item +verilator+version
Displays program version and exits.
=back
=head1 EXAMPLE C++ EXECUTION
We'll compile this example into C++.
mkdir test_our
cd test_our
cat <<EOF >our.v
module our;
initial begin $display("Hello World"); $finish; end
endmodule
EOF
cat <<EOF >sim_main.cpp
#include "Vour.h"
#include "verilated.h"
int main(int argc, char** argv, char** env) {
Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);
Vour* top = new Vour;
while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) { top->eval(); }
delete top;
exit(0);
}
EOF
See the README in the source kit for various ways to install or point to
Verilator binaries. In brief, if you are running Verilator that came from
your operating system (as an RPM), or did a "make install" to place
Verilator into your default path, you do not need anything special in your
environment, and should not have VERILATOR_ROOT set. However, if you
installed Verilator from sources and want to run Verilator out of where you
compiled Verilator, you need to point to the kit:
# See above; don't do this if using an OS-distributed Verilator
export VERILATOR_ROOT=/path/to/where/verilator/was/installed
export PATH=$VERILATOR_ROOT/bin:$PATH
Now we run Verilator on our little example.
verilator -Wall --cc our.v --exe sim_main.cpp
We can see the source code under the "obj_dir" directory. See the FILES
section below for descriptions of some of the files that were created.
ls -l obj_dir
We then can compile it
make -j -C obj_dir -f Vour.mk Vour
(Verilator included a default compile rule and link rule, since we used
--exe and passed a .cpp file on the Verilator command line. You can also
write your own compile rules, as we'll show in the SYSTEMC section.)
And now we run it
obj_dir/Vour
And we get as output
Hello World
- our.v:2: Verilog $finish
Really, you're better off writing a Makefile to do all this for you. Then,
when your source changes it will automatically run all of these steps; to
aid this Verilator can create a makefile dependency file. See the examples
directory in the distribution.
=head1 EXAMPLE SYSTEMC EXECUTION
This is an example similar to the above, but using SystemC.
mkdir test_our_sc
cd test_our_sc
cat <<EOF >our.v
module our (clk);
input clk; // Clock is required to get initial activation
always @ (posedge clk)
begin $display("Hello World"); $finish; end
endmodule
EOF
cat <<EOF >sc_main.cpp
#include "Vour.h"
int sc_main(int argc, char **argv) {
Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);
sc_clock clk ("clk", 10, 0.5, 3, true);
Vour* top;
top = new Vour("top");
top->clk(clk);
while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) { sc_start(1, SC_NS); }
delete top;
exit(0);
}
EOF
See the README in the source kit for various ways to install or point to
Verilator binaries. In brief, if you are running Verilator that came from
your operating system (as an RPM), or did a "make install" to place
Verilator into your default path, you do not need anything special in your
environment, and should not have VERILATOR_ROOT set. However, if you
installed Verilator from sources and want to run Verilator out of where you
compiled Verilator, you need to point to the kit:
# See above; don't do this if using an OS-distributed Verilator
export VERILATOR_ROOT=/path/to/where/verilator/was/installed
export PATH=$VERILATOR_ROOT/bin:$PATH
Now we run Verilator on our little example.
verilator -Wall --sc our.v
We then can compile it
cd obj_dir
make -j -f Vour.mk Vour__ALL.a
make -j -f Vour.mk ../sc_main.o verilated.o
And link with SystemC. Note your path to the libraries may vary,
depending on the operating system.
export SYSTEMC_LIBDIR=/path/to/where/libsystemc.a/exists
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$SYSTEMC_LIBDIR:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
# Might be needed if SystemC 2.3.0
export SYSTEMC_CXX_FLAGS=-pthread
g++ -L$SYSTEMC_LIBDIR ../sc_main.o Vour__ALL*.o verilated.o \
-o Vour -lsystemc
And now we run it
cd ..
obj_dir/Vour
And we get the same output as the C++ example:
Hello World
- our.v:2: Verilog $finish
Really, you're better off using a Makefile to do all this for you. Then,
when your source changes it will automatically run all of these steps. See
the examples directory in the distribution.
=head1 BENCHMARKING & OPTIMIZATION
For best performance, run Verilator with the "-O3 --x-assign=fast
--x-initial fast --noassert" flags. The -O3 flag will require longer
compile times, and "--x-assign fast --x-initial fast" may increase the risk
of reset bugs in trade for performance; see the above documentation for
these flags.
If using Verilated multithreaded, use C<numactl> to ensure you are using
non-conflicting hardware resources. See L</"MULTITHREADING">.
Minor Verilog code changes can also give big wins. You should not have any
UNOPTFLAT warnings from Verilator. Fixing these warnings can result in
huge improvements; one user fixed their one UNOPTFLAT warning by making a
simple change to a clock latch used to gate clocks and gained a 60%
performance improvement.
Beyond that, the performance of a Verilated model depends mostly on your
C++ compiler and size of your CPU's caches.
By default, the lib/verilated.mk file has optimization turned off. This is
for the benefit of new users, as it improves compile times at the cost of
runtimes. To add optimization as the default, set one of three variables,
OPT, OPT_FAST, or OPT_SLOW lib/verilated.mk. Or, use the -CFLAGS and/or
-LDFLAGS option on the verilator command line to pass the flags directly to
the compiler or linker. Or, just for one run, pass them on the command
line to make:
make OPT_FAST="-O2 -fno-stack-protector" -f Vour.mk Vour__ALL.a
OPT_FAST specifies optimizations for those programs that are part of the
fast path, mostly code that is executed every cycle. OPT_SLOW specifies
optimizations for slow-path files (plus tracing), which execute only
rarely, yet take a long time to compile with optimization on. OPT
specifies overall optimization and affects all compiles, including those
OPT_FAST and OPT_SLOW control. For best results, use OPT="-O2", and link
with "-static". Nearly the same results can be had with much better
compile times with OPT_FAST="-O1 -fstrict-aliasing". Higher optimization
such as "-O3" may help, but gcc compile times may be excessive under O3 on
even medium sized designs. Alternatively, some larger designs report
better performance using "-Os".
Unfortunately, using the optimizer with SystemC files can result in
compiles taking several minutes. (The SystemC libraries have many little
inlined functions that drive the compiler nuts.)
For best results, use GCC 3.3 or newer. GCC 3.2 and earlier have
optimization bugs around pointer aliasing detection, which can result in 2x
performance losses.
If you will be running many simulations on a single compile, investigate
feedback driven compilation. With GCC, using -fprofile-arcs, then
-fbranch-probabilities will yield another 15% or so.
Modern compilers also support link-time optimization (LTO), which can help
especially if you link in DPI code. To enable LTO on GCC, pass "-flto" in
both compilation and link. Note LTO may cause excessive compile times on
large designs.
If you are using your own makefiles, you may want to compile the Verilated
code with -DVL_INLINE_OPT=inline. This will inline functions, however this
requires that all cpp files be compiled in a single compiler run.
You may uncover further tuning possibilities by profiling the Verilog code.
Use Verilator's --prof-cfuncs, then GCC's -g -pg. You can then run
either oprofile or gprof to see where in the C++ code the time is spent.
Run the gprof output through verilator_profcfunc and it will tell you what
Verilog line numbers on which most of the time is being spent.
When done, please let the author know the results. I like to keep tabs on
how Verilator compares, and may be able to suggest additional improvements.
=head1 FILES
All output files are placed in the output directory name specified with the
-Mdir option, or "obj_dir" if not specified.
Verilator creates the following files in the output directory:
{prefix}.mk // Make include file for compiling
{prefix}_classes.mk // Make include file with class names
For -cc and -sc mode, it also creates:
{prefix}.cpp // Top level C++ file
{prefix}.h // Top level header
{prefix}__Slow{__n}.cpp // Constructors and infrequent cold routines
{prefix}{__n}.cpp // Additional top C++ files (--output-split)
{prefix}{each_verilog_module}.cpp // Lower level internal C++ files
{prefix}{each_verilog_module}.h // Lower level internal header files
{prefix}{each_verilog_module}{__n}.cpp // Additional lower C++ files (--output-split)
In certain debug and other modes, it also creates:
{prefix}.xml // XML tree information (--xml)
{prefix}__Dpi.cpp // DPI import and export wrappers
{prefix}__Dpi.h // DPI import and export declarations
{prefix}__Inlines.h // Inline support functions
{prefix}__Syms.cpp // Global symbol table C++
{prefix}__Syms.h // Global symbol table header
{prefix}__Trace__Slow{__n}.cpp // Wave file generation code (--trace)
{prefix}__Trace{__n}.cpp // Wave file generation code (--trace)
{prefix}__cdc.txt // Clock Domain Crossing checks (--cdc)
{prefix}__stats.txt // Statistics (--stats)
It also creates internal files that can be mostly ignored:
{mod_prefix}_{each_verilog_module}{__n}.vpp // Post-processed verilog
{prefix}__ver.d // Make dependencies (-MMD)
{prefix}__verFiles.dat // Timestamps for skip-identical
{prefix}{misc}.dot // Debugging graph files (--debug)
{prefix}{misc}.tree // Debugging files (--debug)
After running Make, the C++ compiler may produce the following:
verilated{misc}.d // Intermediate dependencies
verilated{misc}.o // Intermediate objects
{mod_prefix}{misc}.d // Intermediate dependencies
{mod_prefix}{misc}.o // Intermediate objects
{prefix} // Final executable (w/--exe argument)
{prefix}__ALL.a // Library of all Verilated objects
{prefix}__ALLboth.cpp // Include of classes for single compile
{prefix}__ALLcls.cpp // Include of user classes for single compile
{prefix}__ALLsup.cpp // Include of support files for single compile
{prefix}{misc}.d // Intermediate dependencies
{prefix}{misc}.o // Intermediate objects
=head1 ENVIRONMENT
=over 4
=item LD_LIBRARY_PATH
A generic Linux/OS variable specifying what directories have shared object
(.so) files. This path should include SystemC and any other shared objects
needed at runtime.
=item OBJCACHE
Optionally specifies a caching or distribution program to place in front of
all runs of the C++ Compiler. For example, "objcache --read --write", or
"ccache". If using distcc or icecc/icecream, they would generally be run
under either objcache or ccache; see the documentation for those programs.
=item SYSTEMC
Deprecated. Used only if SYSTEMC_INCLUDE or SYSTEMC_LIBDIR is not set. If
set, specifies the directory containing the SystemC distribution. If not
specified, it will come from a default optionally specified at configure
time (before Verilator was compiled).
=item SYSTEMC_ARCH
Deprecated. Used only if SYSTEMC_LIBDIR is not set. Specifies the
architecture name used by the SystemC kit. This is the part after the dash
in the lib-{...} directory name created by a 'make' in the SystemC
distribution. If not set, Verilator will try to intuit the proper setting,
or use the default optionally specified at configure time (before Verilator
was compiled).
=item SYSTEMC_CXX_FLAGS
Specifies additional flags that are required to be passed to GCC when
building the SystemC model. System 2.3.0 may need this set to "-pthread".
=item SYSTEMC_INCLUDE
If set, specifies the directory containing the systemc.h header file. If
not specified, it will come from a default optionally specified at
configure time (before Verilator was compiled), or computed from
SYSTEMC/include.
=item SYSTEMC_LIBDIR
If set, specifies the directory containing the libsystemc.a library. If not
specified, it will come from a default optionally specified at configure
time (before Verilator was compiled), or computed from
SYSTEMC/lib-SYSTEMC_ARCH.
=item VCS_HOME
If set, specifies the directory containing the Synopsys VCS distribution.
When set, a 'make test' in the Verilator distribution will also run VCS
baseline regression tests.
=item VERILATOR_BIN
If set, specifies an alternative name of the Verilator binary. May be used
for debugging and selecting between multiple operating system builds.
=item VERILATOR_GDB
If set, the command to run when using the --gdb option, such as "ddd". If
not specified, it will use "gdb".
=item VERILATOR_ROOT
Specifies the directory containing the distribution kit. This is used to
find the executable, Perl library, and include files. If not specified, it
will come from a default optionally specified at configure time (before
Verilator was compiled). It should not be specified if using a pre-compiled
Verilator RPM as the hardcoded value should be correct.
=back
=head1 CONNECTING TO C++
Verilator creates a .h and .cpp file for the top level module and all
modules under it. See the examples directory in the kit for examples.
After the modules are completed, there will be a I<module>.mk file that may
be used with Make to produce a I<module>__ALL.a file with all required
objects in it. This is then linked with the user's top level to create the
simulation executable.
The user must write the top level of the simulation. Here's a simple
example:
#include <verilated.h> // Defines common routines
#include <iostream> // Need std::cout
#include "Vtop.h" // From Verilating "top.v"
Vtop *top; // Instantiation of module
vluint64_t main_time = 0; // Current simulation time
// This is a 64-bit integer to reduce wrap over issues and
// allow modulus. You can also use a double, if you wish.
double sc_time_stamp () { // Called by $time in Verilog
return main_time; // converts to double, to match
// what SystemC does
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv); // Remember args
top = new Vtop; // Create instance
top->reset_l = 0; // Set some inputs
while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) {
if (main_time > 10) {
top->reset_l = 1; // Deassert reset
}
if ((main_time % 10) == 1) {
top->clk = 1; // Toggle clock
}
if ((main_time % 10) == 6) {
top->clk = 0;
}
top->eval(); // Evaluate model
cout << top->out << endl; // Read a output
main_time++; // Time passes...
}
top->final(); // Done simulating
// // (Though this example doesn't get here)
delete top;
}
Note signals are read and written as member variables of the lower module.
You call the eval() method to evaluate the model. When the simulation is
complete call the final() method to wrap up any SystemVerilog final blocks,
and complete any assertions.
=head1 CONNECTING TO SYSTEMC
Verilator will convert the top level module to a SC_MODULE. This module
will plug directly into a SystemC netlist.
The SC_MODULE gets the same pinout as the Verilog module, with the
following type conversions: Pins of a single bit become bool. Pins 2-32
bits wide become uint32_t's. Pins 33-64 bits wide become sc_bv's or
vluint64_t's depending on the --no-pins64 switch. Wider pins become sc_bv's.
(Uints simulate the fastest so are used where possible.)
Lower modules are not pure SystemC code. This is a feature, as using the
SystemC pin interconnect scheme everywhere would reduce performance by an
order of magnitude.
=head1 DIRECT PROGRAMMING INTERFACE (DPI)
Verilator supports SystemVerilog Direct Programming Interface import and
export statements. Only the SystemVerilog form ("DPI-C") is supported, not
the original Synopsys-only DPI.
=head2 DPI Example
In the SYSTEMC example above, if you wanted to import C++ functions into
Verilog, put in our.v:
import "DPI-C" function integer add (input integer a, input integer b);
initial begin
$display("%x + %x = %x", 1, 2, add(1,2));
endtask
Then after Verilating, Verilator will create a file Vour__Dpi.h with the
prototype to call this function:
extern int add (int a, int b);
From the sc_main.cpp file (or another .cpp file passed to the Verilator
command line, or the link), you'd then:
#include "svdpi.h"
#include "Vour__Dpi.h"
int add(int a, int b) { return a+b; }
=head2 DPI System Task/Functions
Verilator extends the DPI format to allow using the same scheme to
efficiently add system functions. Simply use a dollar-sign prefixed system
function name for the import, but note it must be escaped.
export "DPI-C" function integer \$myRand;
initial $display("myRand=%d", $myRand());
Going the other direction, you can export Verilog tasks so they can be
called from C++:
export "DPI-C" task publicSetBool;
task publicSetBool;
input bit in_bool;
var_bool = in_bool;
endtask
Then after Verilating, Verilator will create a file Vour__Dpi.h with the
prototype to call this function:
extern bool publicSetBool(bool in_bool);
From the sc_main.cpp file, you'd then:
#include "Vour__Dpi.h"
publicSetBool(value);
Or, alternatively, call the function under the design class. This isn't
DPI compatible but is easier to read and better supports multiple designs.
#include "Vour__Dpi.h"
Vour::publicSetBool(value);
// or top->publicSetBool(value);
Note that if the DPI task or function accesses any register or net within the
RTL, it will require a scope to be set. This can be done using the standard
functions within svdpi.h, after the module is instantiated, but before the
task(s) and/or function(s) are called.
For example, if the top level module is instantiated with the name "dut" and
the name references within tasks are all hierarchical (dotted) names with
respect to that top level module, then the scope could be set with
#include "svdpi.h"
...
svSetScope(svGetScopeFromName("dut"));
(Remember that Verilator adds a "V" to the top of the module hierarchy.)
Scope can also be set from within a DPI imported C function that has been
called from Verilog by querying the scope of that function. See the
sections on DPI Context Functions and DPI Header Isolation below and the
comments within the svdpi.h header for more information.
=head2 DPI Display Functions
Verilator allows writing $display like functions using this syntax:
import "DPI-C" function void
\$my_display(input string formatted /*verilator sformat*/ );
The /*verilator sformat*/ indicates that this function accepts a $display
like format specifier followed by any number of arguments to satisfy the
format.
=head2 DPI Context Functions
Verilator supports IEEE DPI Context Functions. Context imports pass the
simulator context, including calling scope name, and filename and line
number to the C code. For example, in Verilog:
import "DPI-C" context function int dpic_line();
initial $display("This is line %d, again, line %d\n", `line, dpic_line());
This will call C++ code which may then use the svGet* functions to read
information, in this case the line number of the Verilog statement that
invoked the dpic_line function:
int dpic_line() {
// Get a scope: svScope scope = svGetScope();
const char* scopenamep = svGetNameFromScope(scope);
assert(scopenamep);
const char* filenamep = "";
int lineno = 0;
if (svGetCallerInfo(&filenamep, &lineno)) {
printf("dpic_line called from scope %s on line %d\n",
scopenamep, lineno);
return lineno;
} else {
return 0;
}
}
See the IEEE Standard for more information.
=head2 DPI Header Isolation
Verilator places the IEEE standard header files such as svdpi.h into a
separate include directory, vltstd (VeriLaTor STandarD). When compiling
most applications $VERILATOR_ROOT/include/vltstd would be in the include
path along with the normal $VERILATOR_ROOT/include. However, when
compiling Verilated models into other simulators which have their own
svdpi.h and similar standard files with different contents, the vltstd
directory should not be included to prevent picking up incompatible
definitions.
=head2 Public Functions
Instead of DPI exporting, there's also Verilator public functions, which
are slightly faster, but less compatible.
=head1 VERIFICATION PROCEDURAL INTERFACE (VPI)
Verilator supports a very limited subset of the VPI. This subset allows
inspection, examination, value change callbacks, and depositing of values
to public signals only.
VPI is enabled with the verilator --vpi switch.
To access signals via the VPI, Verilator must be told exactly which signals
are to be accessed. This is done using the Verilator public pragmas
documented below.
Verilator has an important difference from an event based simulator; signal
values that are changed by the VPI will not immediately propagate their
values, instead the top level header file's eval() method must be called.
Normally this would be part of the normal evaluation (i.e. the next clock
edge), not as part of the value change. This makes the performance of VPI
routines extremely fast compared to event based simulators, but can confuse
some test-benches that expect immediate propagation.
Note the VPI by its specified implementation will always be much slower
than accessing the Verilator values by direct reference
(structure->module->signame), as the VPI accessors perform lookup in
functions at runtime requiring at best hundreds of instructions, while the
direct references are evaluated by the compiler and result in only a couple
of instructions.
For signal callbacks to work the main loop of the program must call
VerilatedVpi::callValueCbs().
=head2 VPI Example
In the below example, we have readme marked read-only, and writeme which if
written from outside the model will have the same semantics as if it
changed on the specified clock edge.
cat <<EOF >our.v
module our (input clk);
reg readme /*verilator public_flat_rd*/;
reg writeme /*verilator public_flat_rw @(posedge clk) */;
initial $finish;
endmodule
EOF
There are many online tutorials and books on the VPI, but an example that
accesses the above signal "readme" would be:
cat <<EOF >sim_main.cpp
#include "Vour.h"
#include "verilated.h"
#include "verilated_vpi.h" // Required to get definitions
vluint64_t main_time = 0; // See comments in first example
double sc_time_stamp() { return main_time; }
void read_and_check() {
vpiHandle vh1 = vpi_handle_by_name((PLI_BYTE8*)"TOP.our.readme", NULL);
if (!vh1) { vl_fatal(__FILE__, __LINE__, "sim_main", "No handle found"); }
const char* name = vpi_get_str(vpiName, vh1);
printf("Module name: %s\n", name); // Prints "readme"
s_vpi_value v;
v.format = vpiIntVal;
vpi_get_value(vh1, &v);
printf("Value of v: %d\n", v.value.integer); // Prints "readme"
}
int main(int argc, char** argv, char** env) {
Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);
Vour* top = new Vour;
Verilated::internalsDump(); // See scopes to help debug
while (!Verilated::gotFinish()) {
top->eval();
VerilatedVpi::callValueCbs(); // For signal callbacks
read_and_check();
}
delete top;
exit(0);
}
EOF
=head1 CROSS COMPILATION
Verilator supports cross-compiling Verilated code. This is generally used
to run Verilator on a Linux system and produce C++ code that is then compiled
on Windows.
Cross compilation involves up to three different OSes. The build system is
where you configured and compiled Verilator, the host system where you run
Verilator, and the target system where you compile the Verilated code and
run the simulation.
Currently, Verilator requires the build and host system type to be the
same, though the target system type may be different. To support this,
./configure and make Verilator on the build system. Then, run Verilator on
the host system. Finally, the output of Verilator may be compiled on the
different target system.
To support this, none of the files that Verilator produces will reference
any configure generated build-system specific files, such as config.h
(which is renamed in Verilator to config_build.h to reduce confusion.) The
disadvantage of this approach is that include/verilatedos.h must
self-detect the requirements of the target system, rather than using
configure.
The target system may also require edits to the Makefiles, the simple
Makefiles produced by Verilator presume the target system is the same type
as the build system.
=head2 Cadence NC-SystemC Models
Similar to compiling Verilated designs with gcc, Verilated designs may be
compiled inside other simulators that support C++ or SystemC models. One
such simulator is Cadence's NC-SystemC, part of their Incisive Verification
Suite. (Highly recommended.)
Using the example files above, the following command will build the model
underneath NC:
cd obj_dir
ncsc_run \
sc_main.cpp \
Vour__ALLcls.cpp \
Vour__ALLsup.cpp \
verilated.cpp
For larger designs you'll want to automate this using makefiles, which pull
the names of the .cpp files to compile in from the make variables generated
in obj_dir/Vour_classes.mk.
=head1 MULTITHREADING
Verilator experimentally supports multithreading.
With --no-threads, the default, the model is not thread safe, and any use
of more than one thread calling into one or even different Verilated models
may result in unpredictable behavior. This gives the highest single thread
performance.
With --threads 1, the generated model is single threaded, however the
support libraries are multithread safe. This allows different
instantiations of model(s) to potentially each be run under a different
thread. All threading is the responsibility of the user's C++ testbench.
With --threads N, where N is at least 2, the generated model will be
designed to run in parallel on N threads. The thread calling eval()
provides one of those threads, and the generated model will create and
manage the other N-1 threads. It's the client's responsibility not to
oversubscribe the available CPU cores. Under CPU oversubscription, the
Verilated model should not livelock nor deadlock, however, you can expect
performance to be far worse than it would be with proper ratio of
threads and CPU cores.
With --trace-fst-thread, tracing occurs in a separate thread from the main
simulation thread(s). This option is orthogonal to --threads.
The remainder of this section describe behavior with --threads 1 or
--threads N (not --no-threads).
VL_THREADED is defined when compiling a threaded Verilated module, causing
the Verilated support classes become threadsafe.
The thread used for constructing a model must the the same thread that
calls eval() into the model, this is called the "eval thread". The thread
used to perform certain global operations such as saving and tracing must
be done by a "main thread". In most cases the eval thread and main thread
are the same thread (i.e. the user's top C++ testbench runs on a single
thread), but this is not required.
When running a multithreaded model, the default Linux task scheduler often
works against the model, by assuming threads are short lived, and thus
often schedules threads using multiple hyperthreads within the same
physical core. For best performance use the C<numactl> program to (when the
threading count fits) select unique physical cores on the same socket. For
example, if a model was Verilated with "--threads 4", we consult
egrep 'processor|physical id|core id' /proc/cpuinfo
To select cores 0, 1, 2, and 3 that are all located on the same socket (0)
but different physical cores. (Also useful is "numactl --hardware", or
C<lscpu> but those doesn't show Hyperthreading cores.) Then we execute
numactl -m 0 -C 0,1,2,3 -- verilated_executable_name
This will limit memory to socket 0, and threads to cores 0, 1, 2, 3,
(presumably on socket 0) optimizing performance. Of course this must be
adjusted if you want another simulator using e.g. socket 1, or if you
Verilated with a different number of threads. To see what CPUs are
actually used, use --prof-threads.
=head2 Multithreaded Verilog and Library Support
$display/$stop/$finish are delayed until the end of an eval() call in order
to maintain ordering between threads. This may result in additional tasks
completing after the $stop or $finish.
=over 4
If using --coverage, the coverage routines are fully thread safe.
If using --dpi, Verilator assumes pure DPI imports are thread safe,
balancing performance versus safety. See --threads-dpi.
If using --savable, the save/restore classes are not multithreaded and are
must be called only by the eval thread.
If using --sc, the SystemC kernel is not thread safe, therefore the eval
thread and main thread must be the same.
If using --trace, the tracing classes must be constructed and called from
the main thread.
If using --vpi, since SystemVerilog VPI was not architected by IEEE to be
multithreaded, Verilator requires all VPI calls are only made from the main
thread.
=back
=head1 CONFIGURATION FILES
In addition to the command line, warnings and other features may be
controlled by configuration files, typically named with the .vlt
extension. An example:
`verilator_config
lint_off -msg WIDTH
lint_off -msg CASEX -file "silly_vendor_code.v"
This disables WIDTH warnings globally, and CASEX for a specific file.
Configuration files are parsed after the normal Verilog preprocessing, so
`ifdefs, `defines, and comments may be used as if it were normal Verilog
code.
The grammar of configuration commands is as follows:
=over 4
=item `verilator_config
Take remaining text up the the next `verilog mode switch and treat it as
Verilator configuration commands.
=item coverage_on [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
=item coverage_off [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
Enable/disable coverage for the specified filename (or wildcard with '*' or
'?', or all files if omitted) and range of line numbers (or all lines if
omitted). Often used to ignore an entire module for coverage analysis
purposes.
=item lint_on [-msg <message>] [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line>]]]
=item lint_off [-msg <message>] [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line>]]]
Enable/disables the specified lint warning, in the specified filename (or
wildcard with '*' or '?', or all files if omitted) and range of line
numbers (or all lines if omitted).
With lint_off using '*' will override any lint_on directives in the source,
i.e. the warning will still not be printed.
If the -msg is omitted, all lint warnings (see list in -Wno-lint) are
enabled/disabled. This will override all later lint warning enables for
the specified region.
=item tracing_on [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
=item tracing_off [-file "<filename>" [-lines <line> [ - <line> ]]]
Enable/disable waveform tracing for all future signals declared in the
specified filename (or wildcard with '*' or '?', or all files if omitted)
and range of line numbers (or all lines if omitted).
For tracing_off, cells below any module in the files/ranges specified will
also not be traced.
=back
=head1 LANGUAGE STANDARD SUPPORT
=head2 Verilog 2001 (IEEE 1364-2001) Support
Verilator supports most Verilog 2001 language features. This includes
signed numbers, "always @*", generate statements, multidimensional arrays,
localparam, and C-style declarations inside port lists.
=head2 Verilog 2005 (IEEE 1364-2005) Support
Verilator supports most Verilog 2005 language features. This includes the
`begin_keywords and `end_keywords compiler directives, $clog2, and the
uwire keyword.
=head2 SystemVerilog 2005 (IEEE 1800-2005) Support
Verilator supports ==? and !=? operators, ++ and -- in some contexts,
$bits, $countones, $error, $fatal, $info, $isunknown, $onehot, $onehot0,
$unit, $warning, always_comb, always_ff, always_latch, bit, byte, chandle,
const, do-while, enum, export, final, import, int, interface, logic,
longint, modport, package, program, shortint, struct, time, typedef, union,
var, void, priority case/if, and unique case/if.
It also supports .name and .* interconnection.
Verilator partially supports concurrent assert and cover statements; see
the enclosed coverage tests for the syntax which is allowed.
=head2 SystemVerilog 2012 (IEEE 1800-2012) Support
Verilator implements a full SystemVerilog 2012 preprocessor, including
function call-like preprocessor defines, default define arguments,
`__FILE__, `__LINE__ and `undefineall.
Verilator currently has some support for SystemVerilog synthesis
constructs. As SystemVerilog features enter common usage they are added;
please file a bug if a feature you need is missing.
=head2 SystemVerilog 2017 (IEEE 1800-2017) Support
Verilator supports the 2017 "for" loop constructs, and several minor
cleanups made in 1800-2017.
=head2 Verilog AMS Support
Verilator implements a very small subset of Verilog AMS (Verilog Analog and
Mixed-Signal Extensions) with the subset corresponding to those VMS
keywords with near equivalents in the Verilog 2005 or SystemVerilog 2009
languages.
AMS parsing is enabled with "--language VAMS" or "--language 1800+VAMS".
At present Verilator implements ceil, exp, floor, ln, log, pow, sqrt,
string, and wreal.
=head2 Synthesis Directive Assertion Support
With the --assert switch, Verilator reads any "//synopsys full_case" or
"//synopsys parallel_case" directives. The same applies to any
"//ambit synthesis", "//cadence" or "//pragma" directives of the same form.
When these synthesis directives are discovered, Verilator will either
formally prove the directive to be true, or failing that, will insert the
appropriate code to detect failing cases at runtime and print an "Assertion
failed" error message.
Verilator likewise also asserts any "unique" or "priority" SystemVerilog
keywords on case statement, as well as "unique" on if statements.
However, "priority if" is currently simply ignored.
=head1 LANGUAGE EXTENSIONS
The following additional constructs are the extensions Verilator supports
on top of standard Verilog code. Using these features outside of comments
or `ifdef's may break other tools.
=over 4
=item `__FILE__
The __FILE__ define expands to the current filename as a string, like C++'s
__FILE__. This was incorporated into to the 1800-2009 standard (but
supported by Verilator since 2006!)
=item `__LINE__
The __LINE__ define expands to the current filename as a string, like C++'s
__LINE__. This was incorporated into to the 1800-2009 standard (but
supported by Verilator since 2006!)
=item `error I<string>
This will report an error when encountered, like C++'s #error.
=item $c(I<string>, ...);
The string will be embedded directly in the output C++ code at the point
where the surrounding Verilog code is compiled. It may either be a
standalone statement (with a trailing ; in the string), or a function that
returns up to a 32-bit number (without a trailing ;). This can be used to
call C++ functions from your Verilog code.
String arguments will be put directly into the output C++ code. Expression
arguments will have the code to evaluate the expression inserted. Thus to
call a C++ function, $c("func(",a,")") will result in 'func(a)' in the
output C++ code. For input arguments, rather than hard-coding variable
names in the string $c("func(a)"), instead pass the variable as an
expression $c("func(",a,")"). This will allow the call to work inside
Verilog functions where the variable is flattened out, and also enable
other optimizations.
If you will be reading or writing any Verilog variables inside the C++
functions, the Verilog signals must be declared with /*verilator public*/.
You may also append an arbitrary number to $c, generally the width of the
output. [signal_32_bits = $c32("...");] This allows for compatibility with
other simulators which require a differently named PLI function name for
each different output width.
=item $display, $write, $fdisplay, $fwrite, $sformat, $swrite
Format arguments may use C fprintf sizes after the % escape. Per the
Verilog standard, %x prints a number with the natural width, and %0x prints
a number with minimum width. Verilator extends this so %5x prints 5 digits
per the C standard (it's unspecified in Verilog).
=item `coverage_block_off
Specifies the entire begin/end block should be ignored for coverage
analysis. Must be inside a basic block, e.g. within a begin/end pair.
Same as /* verilator coverage_block_off */.
=item `systemc_header
Take remaining text up to the next `verilog or `systemc_... mode switch and
place it verbatim into the output .h file's header. Must be placed as a
module item, e.g. directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name
of this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
=item `systemc_ctor
Take remaining text up to the next `verilog or `systemc_... mode switch and
place it verbatim into the C++ class constructor. Must be placed as a
module item, e.g. directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name
of this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
=item `systemc_dtor
Take remaining text up to the next `verilog or `systemc_... mode switch and
place it verbatim into the C++ class destructor. Must be placed as a
module item, e.g. directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name
of this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
=item `systemc_interface
Take remaining text up to the next `verilog or `systemc_... mode switch and
place it verbatim into the C++ class interface. Must be placed as a module
item, e.g. directly inside a module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of
this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
=item `systemc_imp_header
Take remaining text up to the next `verilog or `systemc_... mode switch and
place it verbatim into the header of all files for this C++ class
implementation. Must be placed as a module item, e.g. directly inside a
module/endmodule pair. Despite the name of this macro, this also works in
pure C++ code.
=item `systemc_implementation
Take remaining text up to the next `verilog or `systemc_... mode switch and
place it verbatim into a single file of the C++ class implementation. Must
be placed as a module item, e.g. directly inside a module/endmodule
pair. Despite the name of this macro, this also works in pure C++ code.
If you will be reading or writing any Verilog variables in the C++
functions, the Verilog signals must be declared with /*verilator public*/.
See also the public task feature; writing an accessor may result in cleaner
code.
=item `SYSTEMVERILOG
The SYSTEMVERILOG, SV_COV_START and related standard defines are set by
default when --language is 1800-*.
=item `VERILATOR
=item `verilator
=item `verilator3
The VERILATOR, verilator and verilator3 defines are set by default so you
may `ifdef around compiler specific constructs.
=item `verilator_config
Take remaining text up the the next `verilog mode switch and treat it as
Verilator configuration commands.
=item `verilog
Switch back to processing Verilog code after a `systemc_... mode switch.
The Verilog code returns to the last language mode specified with
`begin_keywords, or SystemVerilog if none was specified.
=item /*verilator clock_enable*/
Used after a signal declaration to indicate the signal is used to gate a
clock, and the user takes responsibility for insuring there are no races
related to it. (Typically by adding a latch, and running static timing
analysis.) For example:
reg enable_r /*verilator clock_enable*/;
wire gated_clk = clk & enable_r;
always_ff @ (posedge clk)
enable_r <= enable_early;
The clock_enable attribute will cause the clock gate to be ignored in the
scheduling algorithm, sometimes required for correct clock behavior, and
always improving performance. It's also a good idea to enable the
IMPERFECTSCH warning, to insure all clock enables are properly recognized.
=item /*verilator clocker*/
=item /*verilator no_clocker*/
Used after a signal declaration to indicate the signal is used as clock or
not. This information is used by Verilator to mark the signal as clocker
and propagate the clocker attribute automatically to derived signals. See
C<--clk> for more information.
=item /*verilator coverage_block_off*/
Specifies the entire begin/end block should be ignored for coverage
analysis purposes.
=item /*verilator coverage_off*/
Specifies that following lines of code should have coverage disabled.
Often used to ignore an entire module for coverage analysis purposes.
=item /*verilator coverage_on*/
Specifies that following lines of code should have coverage re-enabled (if
appropriate --coverage flags are passed) after being disabled earlier with
/*verilator coverage_off*/.
=item /*verilator inline_module*/
Specifies the module the comment appears in may be inlined into any modules
that use this module. This is useful to speed up simulation time with some
small loss of trace visibility and modularity. Note signals under inlined
submodules will be named I<submodule>__DOT__I<subsignal> as C++ does not
allow "." in signal names. When tracing such signals the tracing routines
will replace the __DOT__ with the period.
=item /*verilator isolate_assignments*/
Used after a signal declaration to indicate the assignments to this signal
in any blocks should be isolated into new blocks. When there is a large
combinatorial block that is resulting in a UNOPTFLAT warning, attaching
this to the signal causing a false loop may clear up the problem.
IE, with the following
reg splitme /* verilator isolate_assignments*/;
// Note the placement of the semicolon above
always @* begin
if (....) begin
splitme = ....;
other assignments
end
end
Verilator will internally split the block that assigns to "splitme" into
two blocks:
It would then internally break it into (sort of):
// All assignments excluding those to splitme
always @* begin
if (....) begin
other assignments
end
end
// All assignments to splitme
always @* begin
if (....) begin
splitme = ....;
end
end
=item /*verilator lint_off I<msg>*/
Disable the specified warning message for any warnings following the comment.
=item /*verilator lint_on I<msg>*/
Re-enable the specified warning message for any warnings following the comment.
=item /*verilator lint_restore*/
After a /*verilator lint_save*/, pop the stack containing lint message
state. Often this is useful at the bottom of include files.
=item /*verilator lint_save*/
Push the current state of what lint messages are turned on or turned off to
a stack. Later meta-comments may then lint_on or lint_off specific
messages, then return to the earlier message state by using /*verilator
lint_restore*/. For example:
// verilator lint_save
// verilator lint_off SOME_WARNING
... // code needing SOME_WARNING turned off
// verilator lint_restore
If SOME_WARNING was on before the lint_off, it will now be restored to on,
and if it was off before the lint_off it will remain off.
=item /*verilator no_inline_module*/
Specifies the module the comment appears in should not be inlined into any
modules that use this module. This is useful especially at the top level
module to reduce the size of the interface class, to aid compile time at a
small performance loss.
=item /*verilator no_inline_task*/
Used in a function or task variable definition section to specify the
function or task should not be inlined into where it is used. This may
reduce the size of the final executable when a task is used a very large
number of times. For this flag to work, the task and tasks below it must
be pure; they cannot reference any variables outside the task itself.
=item /*verilator public*/ (parameter)
Used after a parameter declaration to indicate the emitted C code should
have the parameter values visible. Due to C++ language restrictions, this
may only be used on 64-bit or narrower integral enumerations.
parameter [2:0] PARAM /*verilator public*/ = 2'b0;
=item /*verilator public*/ (typedef enum)
Used after an enum typedef declaration to indicate the emitted C code
should have the enum values visible. Due to C++ language restrictions, this
may only be used on 64-bit or narrower integral enumerations.
typedef enum logic [2:0] { ZERO = 3'b0 } pub_t /*verilator public*/;
=item /*verilator public*/ (variable)
Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate the
signal should be declared so that C code may read or write the value of the
signal. This will also declare this module public, otherwise use
/*verilator public_flat*/.
Instead of using public variables, consider instead making a DPI or public
function that accesses the variable. This is nicer as it provides an
obvious entry point that is also compatible across simulators.
=item /*verilator public*/ (task/function)
Used inside the declaration section of a function or task declaration to
indicate the function or task should be made into a C++ function, public to
outside callers. Public tasks will be declared as a void C++ function,
public functions will get the appropriate non-void (bool, uint32_t, etc)
return type. Any input arguments will become C++ arguments to the
function. Any output arguments will become C++ reference arguments. Any
local registers/integers will become function automatic variables on the
stack.
Wide variables over 64 bits cannot be function returns, to avoid exposing
complexities. However, wide variables can be input/outputs; they will be
passed as references to an array of 32-bit numbers.
Generally, only the values of stored state (flops) should be written, as
the model will NOT notice changes made to variables in these functions.
(Same as when a signal is declared public.)
You may want to use DPI exports instead, as it's compatible with other
simulators.
=item /*verilator public_flat*/ (variable)
Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate the
signal should be declared so that C code may read or write the value of the
signal. This will not declare this module public, which means the name of
the signal or path to it may change based upon the module inlining which
takes place.
=item /*verilator public_flat_rd*/ (variable)
Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate the
signal should be declared public_flat (see above), but read-only.
=item /*verilator public_flat_rw @(<edge_list>) */ (variable)
Used after an input, output, register, or wire declaration to indicate the
signal should be declared public_flat_rd (see above), and also writable,
where writes should be considered to have the timing specified by the given
sensitivity edge list.
=item /*verilator public_module*/
Used after a module statement to indicate the module should not be inlined
(unless specifically requested) so that C code may access the module.
Verilator automatically sets this attribute when the module contains any
public signals or `systemc_ directives. Also set for all modules when
using the --public switch.
=item /*verilator sc_clock*/
Rarely needed. Used after an input declaration to indicate the signal
should be declared in SystemC as a sc_clock instead of a bool. This was
needed in SystemC 1.1 and 1.2 only; versions 2.0 and later do not require
clock pins to be sc_clocks and this is no longer needed.
=item /*verilator sc_bv*/
Used after a port declaration. It sets the port to be of sc_bv<I<width>>
type, instead of bool, vluint32_t or vluint64_t. This may be useful if
the port width is parameterized and different of such modules interface
a templated module (such as a transactor) or for other reasons. In general
you should avoid using this attribute when not necessary as with increasing
usage of sc_bv the performance increases significantly.
=item /*verilator sformat*/
Attached to the final input of a function or task "input string" to
indicate the function or task should pass all remaining arguments through
$sformatf. This allows creation of DPI functions with $display like
behavior. See the test_regress/t/t_dpi_display.v file for an example.
=item /*verilator tag <text...>*/
Attached after a variable or structure member to indicate opaque (to
Verilator) text that should be passed through to the XML output as a tag,
for use by downstream applications.
=item /*verilator tracing_off*/
Disable waveform tracing for all future signals that are declared in this
module, or cells below this module. Often this is placed just after a
primitive's module statement, so that the entire module and cells below it
are not traced.
=item /*verilator tracing_on*/
Re-enable waveform tracing for all future signals or cells that are
declared.
=back
=head1 LANGUAGE LIMITATIONS
There are some limitations and lack of features relative to a commercial
simulator, by intent. User beware.
It is strongly recommended you use a lint tool before running this program.
Verilator isn't designed to easily uncover common mistakes that a lint
program will find for you.
=head2 Synthesis Subset
Verilator supports only the Synthesis subset with a few minor additions
such as $stop, $finish and $display. That is, you cannot use hierarchical
references, events or similar features of the Verilog language. It also
simulates as Synopsys's Design Compiler would; namely a block of the form:
always @ (x) y = x & z;
This will recompute y when there is even a potential for change in x or a
change in z, that is when the flops computing x or z evaluate (which is
what Design Compiler will synthesize.) A compliant simulator would only
calculate y if x changes. Use Verilog-Mode's /*AS*/ or Verilog 2001's
always @* to reduce missing activity items. Avoid putting $displays in
combo blocks, as they may print multiple times when not desired, even on
compliant simulators as event ordering is not specified.
=head2 Signal Naming
To avoid conflicts with C symbol naming, any character in a signal name
that is not alphanumeric nor a single underscore will be replaced by __0hh
where hh is the hex code of the character. To avoid conflicts with
Verilator's internal symbols, any double underscore are replaced with
___05F (5F is the hex code of an underscore.)
=head2 Bind
Verilator only supports "bind" to a target module name, not an instance
path.
=head2 Dotted cross-hierarchy references
Verilator supports dotted references to variables, functions and tasks in
different modules. However, references into named blocks and function-local
variables are not supported. The portion before the dot must have a
constant value; for example a[2].b is acceptable, while a[x].b is not.
References into generated and arrayed instances use the instance names
specified in the Verilog standard; arrayed instances are named
{cellName}[{instanceNumber}] in Verilog, which becomes
{cellname}__BRA__{instanceNumber}__KET__ inside the generated C++ code.
Verilator creates numbered "genblk" when a begin: name is not specified
around a block inside a generate statement. These numbers may differ
between other simulators, but the Verilog specification does not allow
users to use these names, so it should not matter.
If you are having trouble determining where a dotted path goes wrong, note
that Verilator will print a list of known scopes to help your debugging.
=head2 Floating Point
Floating Point (real) numbers are supported.
=head2 Latches
Verilator is optimized for edge sensitive (flop based) designs. It will
attempt to do the correct thing for latches, but most performance
optimizations will be disabled around the latch.
=head2 Structures and Unions
Verilator only presently supports packed structs and packed unions. Rand
and randc tags on members are simply ignored. All structures and unions
are represented as a single vector, which means that generating one member
of a structure from blocking, and another from non-blocking assignments is
unsupported.
=head2 Time
All delays (#) are ignored, as they are in synthesis.
=head2 Unknown states
Verilator is mostly a two state simulator, not a four state simulator.
However, it has two features which uncover most initialization bugs
(including many that a four state simulator will miss.)
Identity comparisons (=== or !==) are converted to standard ==/!== when
neither side is a constant. This may make the expression result differ
from a four state simulator. An === comparison to X will always be false,
so that Verilog code which checks for uninitialized logic will not fire.
Assigning a variable to a X will actually assign the variable to a random
value (see the --x-assign switch and +verilator+rand+reset runtime switch.)
Thus if the value is actually used, the random value should cause
downstream errors. Integers also randomize, even though the Verilog 2001
specification says they initialize to zero.
All variables, depending on --x-initial setting, are typically randomly
initialized using a function. By running several random simulation runs
you can determine that reset is working correctly. On the first run, the
function initializes variables to zero. On the second, have it initialize
variables to one. On the third and following runs have it initialize them
randomly. If the results match, reset works. (Note this is what the
hardware will really do.) In practice, just setting all variables to one
at startup finds most problems (since typically control signals are
active-high).
--x-assign applies to variables explicitly initialized or assigned to
X. Uninitialized clocks are initialized to zero, while all other state
holding variables are initialized to a random value. Event driven
simulators will generally trigger an edge on a transition from X to 1
(C<posedge>) or X to 0 (C<negedge>). However, by default, since clocks are
initialized to zero, Verilator will not trigger an initial negedge. Some
code (particularly for reset) may rely on X->0 triggering an edge. The
--x-initial-edge switch enables this behavior. Comparing runs with and
without this switch will find such problems.
=head2 Tri/Inout
Verilator converts some simple tristate structures into two state. Pullup,
pulldown, bufif0, bufif1, notif0, notif1, pmos, nmos, tri0 and tri1 are
also supported. Simple comparisons with === 1'bz are also supported.
An assignment of the form:
inout driver;
wire driver = (enable) ? output_value : 1'bz;
Will be converted to
input driver; // Value being driven in from "external" drivers
output driver__en; // True if driven from this module
output driver__out; // Value being driven from this module
External logic will be needed to combine these signals with any external
drivers.
Tristate drivers are not supported inside functions and tasks; an inout
there will be considered a two state variable that is read and written
instead of a four state variable.
=head2 Functions & Tasks
All functions and tasks will be inlined (will not become functions in C.)
The only support provided is for simple statements in tasks (which may
affect global variables).
Recursive functions and tasks are not supported. All inputs and outputs
are automatic, as if they had the Verilog 2001 "automatic" keyword
prepended. (If you don't know what this means, Verilator will do what you
probably expect -- what C does. The default behavior of Verilog is
different.)
=head2 Generated Clocks
Verilator attempts to deal with generated and enabled clocks correctly,
however some cases cause problems in the scheduling algorithm which is
optimized for performance. The safest option is to have all clocks as
primary inputs to the model, or wires directly attached to primary inputs.
For proper behavior clock enables may also need the /*verilator
clock_enable*/ attribute.
=head2 Ranges must be big-bit-endian
Bit ranges must be numbered with the MSB being numbered greater or the same
as the LSB. Little-bit-endian buses [0:15] are not supported as they
aren't easily made compatible with C++.
=head2 Gate Primitives
The 2-state gate primitives (and, buf, nand, nor, not, or, xnor, xor) are
directly converted to behavioral equivalents. The 3-state and MOS gate
primitives are not supported. Tables are not supported.
=head2 Specify blocks
All specify blocks and timing checks are ignored.
=head2 Array Initialization
When initializing a large array, you need to use non-delayed assignments.
Verilator will tell you when this needs to be fixed; see the BLKLOOPINIT
error for more information.
=head2 Array Out of Bounds
Writing a memory element that is outside the bounds specified for the array
may cause a different memory element inside the array to be written
instead. For power-of-2 sized arrays, Verilator will give a width warning
and the address. For non-power-of-2-sizes arrays, index 0 will be written.
Reading a memory element that is outside the bounds specified for the array
will give a width warning and wrap around the power-of-2 size. For
non-power-of-2 sizes, it will return a unspecified constant of the
appropriate width.
=head2 Assertions
Verilator is beginning to add support for assertions. Verilator currently
only converts assertions to simple "if (...) error" statements, and
coverage statements to increment the line counters described in the
coverage section.
Verilator does not support SEREs yet. All assertion and coverage
statements must be simple expressions that complete in one cycle.
(Arguably SEREs are much of the point, but one must start somewhere.)
=head2 Language Keyword Limitations
This section describes specific limitations for each language keyword.
=over 4
=item `__FILE__, `__LINE__, `begin_keywords, `begin_keywords, `begin_keywords,
`begin_keywords, `begin_keywords, `define, `else, `elsif, `end_keywords,
`endif, `error, `ifdef, `ifndef, `include, `line, `systemc_ctor,
`systemc_dtor, `systemc_header, `systemc_imp_header,
`systemc_implementation, `systemc_interface, `timescale, `undef, `verilog
Fully supported.
=item always, always_comb, always_ff, always_latch, and, assign, begin,
buf, byte, case, casex, casez, default, defparam, do-while, else, end,
endcase, endfunction, endgenerate, endmodule, endspecify, endtask, final,
for, function, generate, genvar, if, initial, inout, input, int, integer,
localparam, logic, longint, macromodule, module, nand, negedge, nor, not,
or, output, parameter, posedge, reg, scalared, shortint, signed, supply0,
supply1, task, time, tri, typedef, var, vectored, while, wire, xnor, xor
Generally supported.
=item ++, -- operators
Increment/decrement can only be used as standalone statements or in for
loops. They cannot be used as side effect operators inside more complicate
expressions ("a = b++;").
=item '{} operator
Assignment patterns with order based, default, constant integer (array) or
member identifier (struct/union) keys are supported. Data type keys and
keys which are computed from a constant expression are not supported.
=item cast operator
Casting is supported only between simple scalar types, signed and unsigned,
not arrays nor structs.
=item chandle
Treated as a "longint"; does not yet warn about operations that are
specified as illegal on chandles.
=item disable
Disable statements may be used only if the block being disabled is a block
the disable statement itself is inside. This was commonly used to provide
loop break and continue functionality before SystemVerilog added the break
and continue keywords.
=item inside
Inside expressions may not include unpacked array traversal or $ as an
upper bound. Case inside and case matches are also unsupported.
=item interface
Interfaces and modports, including with generated data types are supported.
Generate blocks around modports are not supported, nor are virtual
interfaces nor unnamed interfaces.
=item priority if, unique if
Priority and unique if's are treated as normal ifs and not asserted to be
full nor unique.
=item specify specparam
All specify blocks and timing checks are ignored.
=item string
String is supported only to the point that they can be assigned,
concatenated, compared, and passed to DPI imports. Standard method calls
on strings are not supported.
=item timeunit, timeprecision
All timing control statements are ignored.
=item uwire
Verilator does not perform warning checking on uwires, it treats the uwire
keyword as if it were the normal wire keyword.
=item $bits, $countones, $error, $fatal, $finish, $info, $isunknown,
$onehot, $onehot0, $readmemb, $readmemh, $signed, $stime, $stop, $time,
$unsigned, $warning.
Generally supported.
=item $display, $write, $fdisplay, $fwrite, $swrite
$display and friends must have a constant format string as the first
argument (as with C's printf). The rare usage which lists variables
standalone without a format is not supported.
=item $displayb, $displayh, $displayo, $writeb, $writeh, $writeo, etc
The sized display functions are rarely used and so not supported. Replace
them with a $write with the appropriate format specifier.
=item $finish, $stop
The rarely used optional parameter to $finish and $stop is ignored.
=item $fopen, $fclose, $fdisplay, $feof, $fflush, $fgetc, $fgets, $fscanf, $fwrite
File descriptors passed to the file PLI calls must be file descriptors, not
MCDs, which includes the mode parameter to $fopen being mandatory.
=item $fscanf, $sscanf
Only integer formats are supported; %e, %f, %m, %r, %v, and %z are not
supported.
=item $fullskew, $hold, $nochange, $period, $recovery, $recrem, $removal,
$setup, $setuphold, $skew, $timeskew, $width
All specify blocks and timing checks are ignored.
=item $random
$random does not support the optional argument to set the seed. Use the
srand function in C to accomplish this, and note there is only one random
number generator (not one per module).
=item $readmemb, $readmemh
Read memory commands should work properly. Note Verilator and the Verilog
specification does not include support for readmem to multi-dimensional
arrays.
=item $test$plusargs, $value$plusargs
Supported, but the instantiating C++/SystemC testbench must call
Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);
to register the command line before calling $test$plusargs or
$value$plusargs.
=item $timeformat
Not supported as Verilator needs to determine all formatting at compile
time. Generally you can just ifdef them out for no ill effect. Note also
VL_TIME_MULTIPLIER can be defined at compile time to move the decimal point
when displaying all times, model wide.
=back
=head1 ERRORS AND WARNINGS
Warnings may be disabled in three ways. First, when the warning is
printed it will include a warning code. Simply surround the offending
line with a warn_off/warn_on pair:
// verilator lint_off UNSIGNED
if (`DEF_THAT_IS_EQ_ZERO <= 3) $stop;
// verilator lint_on UNSIGNED
Second, warnings may be disabled using a configuration file with a lint_off
command. This is useful when a script is suppressing warnings and the
Verilog source should not be changed.
Warnings may also be globally disabled by invoking Verilator with the
C<-Wno-I<warning>> switch. This should be avoided, as it removes all
checking across the designs, and prevents other users from compiling your
code without knowing the magic set of disables needed to successfully
compile your design.
List of all warnings:
=over 4
=item ALWCOMBORDER
Warns that an always_comb block has a variable which is set after it is
used. This may cause simulation-synthesis mismatches, as not all
commercial simulators allow this ordering.
always_comb begin
a = b;
b = 1;
end
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item ASSIGNIN
Error that an assignment is being made to an input signal. This is almost
certainly a mistake, though technically legal.
input a;
assign a = 1'b1;
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item ASSIGNDLY
Warns that you have an assignment statement with a delayed time in front of
it, for example:
a <= #100 b;
assign #100 a = b;
Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other
simulators, however at one point this was a common style so disabled by
default as a code style warning.
=item BLKANDNBLK
BLKANDNBLK is an error that a variable comes from a mix of blocked and
non-blocking assignments. Generally, this is caused by a register driven
by both combo logic and a flop:
always @ (posedge clk) foo[0] <= ...
always @* foo[1] = ...
Simply use a different register for the flop:
always @ (posedge clk) foo_flopped[0] <= ...
always @* foo[0] = foo_flopped[0];
always @* foo[1] = ...
This is not illegal in SystemVerilog, but a violation of good coding
practice. Verilator reports this as an error, because ignoring this warning
may make Verilator simulations differ from other simulators.
It is generally safe to disable this error (with a "// verilator lint_off
BLKANDNBLK" metacomment or the -Wno-BLKANDNBLK option) when one of the
assignments is inside a public task, or when the blocked and non-blocking
assignments have non-overlapping bits and structure members.
=item BLKSEQ
This indicates that a blocking assignment (=) is used in a sequential
block. Generally non-blocking/delayed assignments (<=) are used in
sequential blocks, to avoid the possibility of simulator races. It can be
reasonable to do this if the generated signal is used ONLY later in the
same block, however this style is generally discouraged as it is error
prone.
always @ (posedge clk) foo = ...
Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate
correctly.
=item BLKLOOPINIT
This indicates that the initialization of an array needs to use non-delayed
assignments. This is done in the interest of speed; if delayed assignments
were used, the simulator would have to copy large arrays every cycle. (In
smaller loops, loop unrolling allows the delayed assignment to work, though
it's a bit slower than a non-delayed assignment.) Here's an example
always @ (posedge clk)
if (~reset_l) begin
for (i=0; i<`ARRAY_SIZE; i++) begin
array[i] = 0; // Non-delayed for verilator
end
This message is only seen on large or complicated loops because Verilator
generally unrolls small loops. You may want to try increasing
--unroll-count (and occasionally --unroll-stmts) which will raise the small
loop bar to avoid this error.
=item BSSPACE
Warns that a backslash is followed by a space then a newline. Likely the
intent was to have a backslash directly followed by a newline (e.g. when
making a `define) and there's accidentally whitespace at the end of the
line. If the space is not accidental, suggest removing the backslash in
the code as it serves no function.
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item CASEINCOMPLETE
Warns that inside a case statement there is a stimulus pattern for which
there is no case item specified. This is bad style, if a case is
impossible, it's better to have a "default: $stop;" or just "default: ;" so
that any design assumption violations will be discovered in simulation.
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item CASEOVERLAP
Warns that inside a case statement you have case values which are detected
to be overlapping. This is bad style, as moving the order of case values
will cause different behavior. Generally the values can be respecified to
not overlap.
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item CASEX
Warns that it is simply better style to use casez, and C<?> in place of
C<x>'s. See
L<http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG1999Boston_FullParallelCase_rev1_1.pdf>
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item CASEWITHX
Warns that a case statement contains a constant with a C<x>. Verilator is
two-state so interpret such items as always false. Note a common error is
to use a C<X> in a case or casez statement item; often what the user
instead intended is to use a casez with C<?>.
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item CDCRSTLOGIC
With --cdc only, warns that asynchronous flop reset terms come from other
than primary inputs or flopped outputs, creating the potential for reset
glitches.
=item CLKDATA
Warns that clock signal is mixed used with/as data signal. The checking for
this warning is enabled only if user has explicitly marked some signal as
clocker using command line option or in-source meta comment (see C<--clk>).
The warning can be disabled without affecting the simulation result. But it
is recommended to check the warning as this may degrade the performance of
the Verilated model.
=item CMPCONST
Warns that you are comparing a value in a way that will always be constant.
For example "X > 1" will always be true when X is a single bit wide.
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item COLONPLUS
Warns that a :+ is seen. Likely the intent was to use +: to select a range
of bits. If the intent was a range that is explicitly positive, suggest
adding a space, e.g. use ": +".
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item COMBDLY
Warns that you have a delayed assignment inside of a combinatorial block.
Using delayed assignments in this way is considered bad form, and may lead
to the simulator not matching synthesis. If this message is suppressed,
Verilator, like synthesis, will convert this to a non-delayed assignment,
which may result in logic races or other nasties. See
L<http://www.sunburst-design.com/papers/CummingsSNUG2000SJ_NBA_rev1_2.pdf>
Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other
simulators.
=item CONTASSREG
Error that a continuous assignment is setting a reg. According to IEEE
Verilog, but not SystemVerilog, a wire must be used as the target of
continuous assignments.
This error is only reported when "--language 1364-1995", "--language
1364-2001", or "--language 1364-2005" is used.
Ignoring this error will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item DECLFILENAME
Warns that a module or other declaration's name doesn't match the filename
with path and extension stripped that it is declared in. The filename a
modules/interfaces/programs is declared in should match the name of the
module etc. so that -y directory searching will work. This warning is
printed for only the first mismatching module in any given file, and -v
library files are ignored.
Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate
correctly.
=item DEFPARAM
Warns that the "defparam" statement was deprecated in Verilog 2001 and all
designs should now be using the #(...) format to specify parameters.
Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate
correctly.
=item DETECTARRAY
Error when Verilator tries to deal with a combinatorial loop that could not be
flattened, and which involves a datatype which Verilator cannot handle, such
as an unpacked struct or a large unpacked array. This typically ocurrs when
-Wno-UNOPTFLAT has been used to override an UNOPTFLAT warning (see below).
The solution is to break the loop, as described for UNOPTFLAT.
=item ENDLABEL
Warns that a label attached to a "end"-something statement does not match
the label attached to the block start.
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item GENCLK
Warns that the specified signal is generated, but is also being used as a
clock. Verilator needs to evaluate sequential logic multiple times in this
situation. In somewhat contrived cases having any generated clock can
reduce performance by almost a factor of two. For fastest results,
generate ALL clocks outside in C++/SystemC and make them primary inputs to
your Verilog model. (However once need to you have even one, don't sweat
additional ones.)
Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other
simulators.
=item IFDEPTH
Warns that if/if else statements have exceeded the depth specified with
--if-depth, as they are likely to result in slow priority encoders. Unique
and priority if statements are ignored. Solutions include changing the
code to a case statement, or a SystemVerilog 'unique if' or 'priority if'.
Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate
correctly.
=item IGNOREDRETURN
Warns that a non-void function is being called as a task, and hence the
return value is being ignored.
This warning is required by IEEE. The portable way to suppress this warning
(in SystemVerilog) is to use a void cast, e.g.
void'(function_being_called_as_task());
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item IMPERFECTSCH
Warns that the scheduling of the model is not absolutely perfect, and some
manual code edits may result in faster performance. This warning defaults
to off, is not part of -Wall, and must be turned on explicitly before the
top module statement is processed.
=item IMPLICIT
Warns that a wire is being implicitly declared (it is a single bit wide
output from a sub-module.) While legal in Verilog, implicit declarations
only work for single bit wide signals (not buses), do not allow using a
signal before it is implicitly declared by a cell, and can lead to dangling
nets. A better option is the /*AUTOWIRE*/ feature of Verilog-Mode for
Emacs, available from L<http://www.veripool.org/>
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item IMPORTSTAR
Warns that an "import I<package>::*" statement is in $unit scope. This
causes the imported symbols to polute the global namespace, defeating much
of the purpose of having a package. Generally "import ::*" should only be
used inside a lower scope such as a package or module.
Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate
correctly.
=item IMPURE
Warns that a task or function that has been marked with /*verilator
no_inline_task*/ references variables that are not local to the task.
Verilator cannot schedule these variables correctly.
Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other
simulators.
=item INCABSPATH
Warns that an `include filename specifies an absolute path. This means the
code will not work on any other system with a different file system layout.
Instead of using absolute paths, relative paths (preferably without any
directory specified whatever) should be used, and +incdir used on the
command line to specify the top include source directories.
Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate
correctly.
=item INFINITELOOP
Warns that a while or for statement has a condition that is always true.
and thus result in an infinite loop if the statement ever executes.
This might be unintended behavior if the loop body contains statements that
in other statements that would make time pass, which Verilator is ignoring
due to e.g. STMTDLY warnings being disabled.
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly (i.e. hang due to the infinite loop).
=item INITIALDLY
Warns that you have a delayed assignment inside of an initial or final
block. If this message is suppressed, Verilator will convert this to a
non-delayed assignment. See also the COMBDLY warning.
Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other
simulators.
=item LITENDIAN
Warns that a packed vector is declared with little endian bit numbering
(i.e. [0:7]). Big endian bit numbering is now the overwhelming standard,
and little numbering is now thus often due to simple oversight instead of
intent.
Also warns that a cell is declared with little endian range (i.e. [0:7] or
[7]) and is connected to a N-wide signal. Based on IEEE the bits will
likely be backwards from what you expect (i.e. cell [0] will connect to
signal bit [N-1] not bit [0]).
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item MODDUP
Warns that a module has multiple definitions. Generally this indicates a
coding error, or a mistake in a library file and it's good practice to have
one module per file (and only put each file once on the command line) to
avoid these issues. For some gate level netlists duplicates are sometimes
unavoidable, and MODDUP should be disabled.
Ignoring this warning will cause the more recent module definition to be
discarded.
=item MULTIDRIVEN
Warns that the specified signal comes from multiple always blocks. This is
often unsupported by synthesis tools, and is considered bad style. It will
also cause longer runtimes due to reduced optimizations.
Ignoring this warning will only slow simulations, it will simulate
correctly.
=item MULTITOP
Error that there are multiple top level modules, that is modules not
instantiated by any other module. Verilator only supports a single top
level, if you need more, create a module that wraps all of the top modules.
Often this error is because some low level cell is being read in, but is
not really needed. The best solution is to insure that each module is in a
unique file by the same name. Otherwise, make sure all library files are
read in as libraries with -v, instead of automatically with -y.
=item PINCONNECTEMPTY
Warns that a cell instantiation has a pin which is connected to
.pin_name(), e.g. not another signal, but with an explicit mention of the
pin. It may be desirable to disable PINCONNECTEMPTY, as this indicates
intention to have a no-connect.
Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate
correctly.
=item PINMISSING
Warns that a module has a pin which is not mentioned in a cell
instantiation. If a pin is not missing it should still be specified on the
cell declaration with a empty connection, using "(.pin_name())".
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item PINNOCONNECT
Warns that a cell instantiation has a pin which is not connected to another
signal.
Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate
correctly.
=item PROCASSWIRE
Error that a procedural assignment is setting a wire. According to IEEE, a
var/reg must be used as the target of procedural assignments.
=item REALCVT
Warns that a real number is being implicitly rounded to an integer, with
possible loss of precision.
=item REDEFMACRO
Warns that you have redefined the same macro with a different value, for
example:
`define MACRO def1
//...
`define MACRO otherdef
The best solution is to use a different name for the second macro. If this
is not possible, add a undef to indicate the code is overriding the value:
`define MACRO def1
//...
`undef MACRO
`define MACRO otherdef
=item SELRANGE
Warns that a selection index will go out of bounds:
wire vec[6:0];
initial out = vec[7]; // There is no 7
Verilator will assume zero for this value, instead of X. Note that in some
cases this warning may be false, when a condition upstream or downstream of
the access means the access out of bounds will never execute or be used.
wire vec[6:0];
initial begin
seven = 7;
...
if (seven != 7) out = vec[seven]; // Never will use vec[7]
=item STMTDLY
Warns that you have a statement with a delayed time in front of it, for
example:
#100 $finish;
Ignoring this warning may make Verilator simulations differ from other
simulators.
=item SYMRSVDWORD
Warning that a symbol matches a C++ reserved word and using this as a symbol
name would result in odd C compiler errors. You may disable this warning,
but the symbol will be renamed by Verilator to avoid the conflict.
=item SYNCASYNCNET
Warns that the specified net is used in at least two different always
statements with posedge/negedges (i.e. a flop). One usage has the signal
in the sensitivity list and body, probably as an async reset, and the other
usage has the signal only in the body, probably as a sync reset. Mixing
sync and async resets is usually a mistake. The warning may be disabled
with a lint_off pragma around the net, or either flopped block.
Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate
correctly.
=item TASKNSVAR
Error when a call to a task or function has a output from that task tied to
a non-simple signal. Instead connect the task output to a temporary signal
of the appropriate width, and use that signal to set the appropriate
expression as the next statement. For example:
task foo; output sig; ... endtask
always @* begin
foo(bus_we_select_from[2]); // Will get TASKNSVAR error
end
Change this to:
reg foo_temp_out;
always @* begin
foo(foo_temp_out);
bus_we_select_from[2] = foo_temp_out;
end
Verilator doesn't do this conversion for you, as some more complicated
cases would result in simulator mismatches.
=item TICKCOUNT
Warns that the number of ticks to delay a $past variable is greater than
10. At present Verilator effectively creates a flop for each delayed
signals, and as such any large counts may lead to large design size
increases.
Ignoring this warning will only slow simulations, it will simulate
correctly.
=item UNDRIVEN
Warns that the specified signal is never sourced. Verilator is fairly
liberal in the usage calculations; making a signal public, or loading only
a single array element marks the entire signal as driven.
Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate
correctly.
=item UNOPT
Warns that due to some construct, optimization of the specified signal or
block is disabled. The construct should be cleaned up to improve runtime.
A less obvious case of this is when a module instantiates two submodules.
Inside submodule A, signal I is input and signal O is output. Likewise in
submodule B, signal O is an input and I is an output. A loop exists and a
UNOPT warning will result if AI & AO both come from and go to combinatorial
blocks in both submodules, even if they are unrelated always blocks. This
affects performance because Verilator would have to evaluate each submodule
multiple times to stabilize the signals crossing between the modules.
Ignoring this warning will only slow simulations, it will simulate
correctly.
=item UNOPTFLAT
Warns that due to some construct, optimization of the specified signal is
disabled. The signal specified includes a complete scope to the signal; it
may be only one particular usage of a multiply instantiated block. The
construct should be cleaned up to improve runtime; two times better
performance may be possible by fixing these warnings.
Unlike the UNOPT warning, this occurs after netlist flattening, and
indicates a more basic problem, as the less obvious case described under
UNOPT does not apply.
Often UNOPTFLAT is caused by logic that isn't truly circular as viewed by
synthesis which analyzes interconnection per-bit, but is circular to
simulation which analyzes per-bus:
wire [2:0] x = {x[1:0], shift_in};
This statement needs to be evaluated multiple times, as a change in
"shift_in" requires "x" to be computed 3 times before it becomes stable.
This is because a change in "x" requires "x" itself to change value, which
causes the warning.
For significantly better performance, split this into 2 separate signals:
wire [2:0] xout = {x[1:0], shift_in};
and change all receiving logic to instead receive "xout". Alternatively,
change it to
wire [2:0] x = {xin[1:0], shift_in};
and change all driving logic to instead drive "xin".
With this change this assignment needs to be evaluated only once. These
sort of changes may also speed up your traditional event driven simulator,
as it will result in fewer events per cycle.
The most complicated UNOPTFLAT path we've seen was due to low bits of a bus
being generated from an always statement that consumed high bits of the
same bus processed by another series of always blocks. The fix is the
same; split it into two separate signals generated from each block.
The UNOPTFLAT warning may also be due to clock enables, identified from the
reported path going through a clock gating cell. To fix these, use the
clock_enable meta comment described above.
The UNOPTFLAT warning may also occur where outputs from a block of logic
are independent, but occur in the same always block. To fix this, use the
isolate_assignments meta comment described above.
To assist in resolving UNOPTFLAT, the option C<--report-unoptflat> can be
used, which will provide suggestions for variables that can be split up,
and a graph of all the nodes connected in the loop. See the L<Arguments>
section for more details.
Ignoring this warning will only slow simulations, it will simulate
correctly.
=item UNOPTTHREADS
Warns that the thread scheduler was unable to partition the design to fill
the requested number of threads.
One workaround is to request fewer threads with C<--threads>.
Another possible workaround is to allow more MTasks in the runtime, by
increasing the value of --threads-max-mtasks. More MTasks will result in
more communication and synchronization overhead at runtime; the scheduler
attempts to minimize the number of MTasks for this reason.
Ignoring this warning will only slow simulations, it will simulate
correctly.
=item UNPACKED
Warns that unpacked structs and unions are not supported.
Ignoring this warning will make Verilator treat the structure as packed,
which may make Verilator simulations differ from other simulators.
=item UNSIGNED
Warns that you are comparing a unsigned value in a way that implies it is
signed, for example "X < 0" will always be true when X is unsigned.
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item UNUSED
Warns that the specified signal is never sinked. Verilator is fairly
liberal in the usage calculations; making a signal public, a signal
matching --unused-regexp ("*unused*") or accessing only a single array
element marks the entire signal as used.
Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate
correctly.
A recommended style for unused nets is to put at the bottom of a file code
similar to the following:
wire _unused_ok = &{1'b0,
sig_not_used_a,
sig_not_used_yet_b, // To be fixed
1'b0};
The reduction AND and constant zeros mean the net will always be zero, so
won't use simulation time. The redundant leading and trailing zeros avoid
syntax errors if there are no signals between them. The magic name
"unused" (-unused-regexp) is recognized by Verilator and suppresses
warnings; if using other lint tools, either teach to tool to ignore signals
with "unused" in the name, or put the appropriate lint_off around the wire.
Having unused signals in one place makes it easy to find what is unused,
and reduces the number of lint_off pragmas, reducing bugs.
=item USERINFO, USERWARN, USERERROR, USERFATAL
A SystemVerilog elaboration-time assertion print was executed.
=item VARHIDDEN
Warns that a task, function, or begin/end block is declaring a variable by
the same name as a variable in the upper level module or begin/end block
(thus hiding the upper variable from being able to be used.) Rename the
variable to avoid confusion when reading the code.
Disabled by default as this is a code style warning; it will simulate
correctly.
=item WIDTH
Warns that based on width rules of Verilog, two operands have different
widths. Verilator generally can intuit the common usages of widths, and
you shouldn't need to disable this message like you do with most lint
programs. Generally other than simple mistakes, you have two solutions:
If it's a constant 0 that's 32 bits or less, simply leave it
unwidthed. Verilator considers zero to be any width needed.
Concatenate leading zeros when doing arithmetic. In the statement
wire [5:0] plus_one = from[5:0] + 6'd1 + carry[0];
The best fix, which clarifies intent and will also make all tools happy is:
wire [5:0] plus_one = from[5:0] + 6'd1 + {5'd0, carry[0]};
Ignoring this warning will only suppress the lint check, it will simulate
correctly.
=item WIDTHCONCAT
Warns that based on width rules of Verilog, a concatenate or replication
has an indeterminate width. In most cases this violates the Verilog rule
that widths inside concatenates and replicates must be sized, and should be
fixed in the code.
wire [63:0] concat = {1, 2};
An example where this is technically legal (though still bad form) is:
parameter PAR = 1;
wire [63:0] concat = {PAR, PAR};
The correct fix is to either size the 1 ("32'h1"), or add the width to the
parameter definition ("parameter [31:0]"), or add the width to the
parameter usage ("{PAR[31:0],PAR[31:0]}".
=back
The following describes the less obvious errors:
=over 4
=item Internal Error
This error should never occur first, though may occur if earlier warnings
or error messages have corrupted the program. If there are no other
warnings or errors, submit a bug report.
=item Unsupported: ....
This error indicates that you are using a Verilog language construct
that is not yet supported in Verilator. See the Limitations chapter.
=item Verilated model didn't converge
Verilator sometimes has to evaluate combinatorial logic multiple times,
usually around code where a UNOPTFLAT warning was issued, but disabled.
For example:
always @ (a) b=~a;
always @ (b) a=b
will toggle forever and thus the executable will give the didn't converge
error to prevent an infinite loop.
To debug this, first is to review any UNOPTFLAT warnings that were ignored,
though typically these can be ignored (at a performance cost), convergence
issues can also be flagged with this warning as Verilator didn't know if
they would eventually converge.
Next, run Verilator with --prof-cfuncs. Run make on the generated
files with "OPT=-DVL_DEBUG". Then call Verilated::debug(1) in your
main.cpp.
This will cause each change in a variable to print a message. Near the
bottom you'll see the variables that causes the problem. For the program
above:
CHANGE: filename.v:1: b
CHANGE: filename.v:2: a
If many signals are getting printed then most likely each are oscillating
(or there is a bug). It may also be that e.g. "a" may be oscillating, then
"a" feeds signal "c" which then is also reported as oscillating.
Finally, rare more difficult cases can be debugged like a "C" program;
either enter GDB and use its tracing facilities, or edit the generated C++
code to add appropriate prints to see what is going on.
=back
=head1 FAQ/FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
=over 4
=item Does it run under Windows?
Yes, using Cygwin. Verilated output also compiles under Microsoft Visual
C++ Version 7 or newer, but this is not tested every release.
=item Can you provide binaries?
Verilator is available as a RPM for Debian/Ubuntu, SuSE, Fedora, and
perhaps other systems; this is done by porters and may slightly lag the
primary distribution. If there isn't a binary build for your distribution,
how about you set one up? Please contact the authors for assistance.
Note people sometimes request binaries when they are having problems with
their C++ compiler. Alas, binaries won't help this, as in the end a fully
working C++ compiler is required to compile the output of Verilator.
=item How can it be faster than (name-the-commercial-simulator)?
Generally, the implied part is of the question is "... with all of the
manpower they can put into developing it."
Most commercial simulators have to be Verilog compliant, meaning event
driven. This prevents them from being able to reorder blocks and make
netlist-style optimizations, which are where most of the gains come from.
Non-compliance shouldn't be scary. Your synthesis program isn't compliant,
so your simulator shouldn't have to be -- and Verilator is closer to the
synthesis interpretation, so this is a good thing for getting working
silicon.
=item Will Verilator output remain under my own license?
Yes, it's just like using GCC on your programs; this is why Verilator uses
the "GNU *Lesser* Public License Version 3" instead of the more typical
"GNU Public License". See the licenses for details, but in brief, if you
change Verilator itself or the header files Verilator includes, you must
make the source code available under the GNU Lesser Public License.
However, Verilator output (the Verilated code) only "include"s the licensed
files, and so you are NOT required to release any output from Verilator.
You also have the option of using the Perl Artistic License, which again
does not require you release your Verilog or generated code, and also
allows you to modify Verilator for internal use without distributing the
modified version. But please contribute back to the community!
One limit is that you cannot under either license release a commercial
Verilog simulation product incorporating Verilator without making the
source code available.
As is standard with Open Source, contributions back to Verilator will be
placed under the Verilator copyright and LGPL/Artistic license. Small test
cases will be released into the public domain so they can be used anywhere,
and large tests under the LGPL/Artistic, unless requested otherwise.
=item Why is Verilation so slow?
Verilator needs more memory than the resulting simulator will require, as
Verilator creates internally all of the state of the resulting generated
simulator in order to optimize it. If it takes more than a minute or so
(and you're not using --debug since debug is disk bound), see if your
machine is paging; most likely you need to run it on a machine with more
memory. Verilator is a full 64-bit application and may use more than 4GB,
but about 1GB is the maximum typically needed, and very large commercial
designs have topped 16GB.
=item How do I generate waveforms (traces) in C++?
See the next question for tracing in SystemC mode.
Add the --trace switch to Verilator, and in your top level C code, call
Verilated::traceEverOn(true). Then create a VerilatedVcdC object, and
in your main loop call "trace_object->dump(time)" every time step, and
finally call "trace_object->close()". For an example, see below and the
examples/tracing_c/sim_main.cpp file of the distribution.
You also need to compile verilated_vcd_c.cpp and add it to your link,
preferably by adding the dependencies in $(VK_GLOBAL_OBJS) to your
Makefile's link rule. This is done for you if using the Verilator --exe
flag.
Note you can also call ->trace on multiple Verilated objects with the same
trace file if you want all data to land in the same output file.
#include "verilated_vcd_c.h"
...
int main(int argc, char** argv, char** env) {
...
Verilated::traceEverOn(true);
VerilatedVcdC* tfp = new VerilatedVcdC;
topp->trace(tfp, 99); // Trace 99 levels of hierarchy
tfp->open("obj_dir/t_trace_ena_cc/simx.vcd");
...
while (sc_time_stamp() < sim_time && !Verilated::gotFinish()) {
main_time += #;
tfp->dump(main_time);
}
tfp->close();
}
=item How do I generate waveforms (traces) in SystemC?
Add the --trace switch to Verilator, and in your top level C sc_main code,
include verilated_vcd_sc.h. Then call Verilated::traceEverOn(true). Then
create a VerilatedVcdSc object as you would create a normal SystemC trace
file. For an example, see the call to VerilatedVcdSc in the
examples/tracing_sc/sc_main.cpp file of the distribution, and below.
Alternatively you may use the C++ trace mechanism described in the previous
question, however the timescale and timeprecision will not inherited from
your SystemC settings.
You also need to compile verilated_vcd_sc.cpp and verilated_vcd_c.cpp and
add them to your link, preferably by adding the dependencies in
$(VK_GLOBAL_OBJS) to your Makefile's link rule. This is done for you if
using the Verilator --exe flag.
Note you can also call ->trace on multiple Verilated objects with the same
trace file if you want all data to land in the same output file.
#include "verilated_vcd_sc.h"
...
int main(int argc, char** argv, char** env) {
...
Verilated::traceEverOn(true);
VerilatedVcdSc* tfp = new VerilatedVcdSc;
topp->trace(tfp, 99); // Trace 99 levels of hierarchy
tfp->open("obj_dir/t_trace_ena_cc/simx.vcd");
...
sc_start(1);
...
tfp->close();
}
=item How do I generate FST waveforms (traces) in C++?
FST a format by GTKWave.
This version provides a basic FST support.
To dump FST format, add the --trace-fst switch to Verilator and change the include
path in the testbench to:
#include "verilated_fst_c.h"
VerilatedFstC* tfp = new VerilatedFstC;
Note that currently supporting both FST and VCD in a single simulation is impossible,
but such requirement could be rare.
=item How do I generate FST waveforms (traces) in SystemC?
The FST library from GTKWave does not currently support SystemC; use VCD
format instead.
=item How do I view waveforms (traces)?
Verilator makes standard VCD (Value Change Dump) and FST files. VCD files are viewable
with the public domain GTKWave (recommended) or Dinotrace (legacy)
programs, or any of the many commercial offerings;
FST is supported by GTKWave only.
=item How do I reduce the size of large waveform (trace) files?
First, instead of calling VerilatedVcdC->open at the beginning of time,
delay calling it until the time stamp where you want to tracing to begin.
Likewise you can also call VerilatedVcdC->open before the end of time
(perhaps a short period after you detect a verification error.)
Next, add /*verilator tracing_off*/ to any very low level modules you never
want to trace (such as perhaps library cells). Finally, use the
--trace-depth option to limit the depth of tracing, for example
--trace-depth 1 to see only the top level signals.
Also be sure you write your trace files to a local solid-state disk,
instead of to a network disk. Network disks are generally far slower.
=item How do I do coverage analysis?
Verilator supports both block (line) coverage and user inserted functional
coverage.
First, run verilator with the --coverage option. If you're using your own
makefile, compile the model with the GCC flag -DVM_COVERAGE (if using
Verilator's, it will do this for you.)
At the end of your test, call VerilatedCov::write passing the name of the
coverage data file (typically "logs/coverage.dat").
Run each of your tests in different directories. Each test will create a
logs/coverage.dat file.
After running all of your tests, verilator_coverage is executed.
Verilator_coverage reads the logs/coverage.dat file(s), and creates an
annotated source code listing showing code coverage details.
For an example, after running 'make test' in the Verilator distribution,
see the examples/tracing_c/logs directory. Grep for lines starting
with '%' to see what lines Verilator believes need more coverage.
=item Where is the translate_off command? (How do I ignore a construct?)
Translate on/off pragmas are generally a bad idea, as it's easy to have
mismatched pairs, and you can't see what another tool sees by just
preprocessing the code. Instead, use the preprocessor; Verilator defines
the "VERILATOR" define for you, so just wrap the code in an ifndef region:
`ifndef VERILATOR
Something_Verilator_Dislikes;
`endif
Most synthesis tools similarly define SYNTHESIS for you.
=item Why do I get "unexpected `do'" or "unexpected `bit'" errors?
Do, bit, ref, return, and other words are now SystemVerilog keywords. You
should change your code to not use them to insure it works with newer
tools. Alternatively, surround them by the Verilog 2005/SystemVerilog
begin_keywords pragma to indicate Verilog 2001 code.
`begin_keywords "1364-2001"
integer bit; initial bit = 1;
`end_keywords
If you want the whole file to be parsed as Verilog 2001, just create a
file with
`begin_keywords "1364-2001"
and add it before other Verilog files on the command line. (Note this will
also change the default for --prefix, so if you're not using --prefix, you
will now need to.)
=item How do I prevent my assertions from firing during reset?
Call Verilated::assertOn(false) before you first call the model, then turn
it back on after reset. It defaults to true. When false, all assertions
controlled by --assert are disabled.
=item Why do I get "undefined reference to `sc_time_stamp()'"?
In C++ (non SystemC) code you need to define this function so that the
simulator knows the current time. See the "CONNECTING TO C++" examples.
=item Why do I get "undefined reference to `VL_RAND_RESET_I' or `Verilated::...'"?
You need to link your compiled Verilated code against the verilated.cpp
file found in the include directory of the Verilator kit. This is one
target in the $(VK_GLOBAL_OBJS) make variable, which should be part of your
Makefile's link rule. If you use --exe, this is done for you.
=item Is the PLI supported?
Only somewhat. More specifically, the common PLI-ish calls $display,
$finish, $stop, $time, $write are converted to C++ equivalents. You can
also use the "import DPI" SystemVerilog feature to call C code (see the
chapter above). There is also limited VPI access to public signals.
If you want something more complex, since Verilator emits standard C++
code, you can simply write your own C++ routines that can access and modify
signal values without needing any PLI interface code, and call it with
$c("{any_c++_statement}").
=item How do I make a Verilog module that contain a C++ object?
You need to add the object to the structure that Verilator creates, then
use $c to call a method inside your object. The
test_regress/t/t_extend_class files show an example of how to do this.
=item How do I get faster build times?
Use a recent compiler. Newer compilers tend do be faster, with the
now relatively old GCC 3.0 to 3.3 being horrible.
Compile in parallel on many machines and use caching; see the web for the
ccache, distcc and icecream packages. ccache will skip GCC runs between
identical source builds, even across different users. You can use the
OBJCACHE environment variable to use these CC wrappers. Also see the
--output-split option.
To reduce the compile time of classes that use a Verilated module (e.g. a
top CPP file) you may wish to add /*verilator no_inline_module*/ to your
top level module. This will decrease the amount of code in the model's
Verilated class, improving compile times of any instantiating top level C++
code, at a relatively small cost of execution performance.
=item Why do so many files need to recompile when I add a signal?
Adding a new signal requires the symbol table to be recompiled. Verilator
uses one large symbol table, as that results in 2-3 less assembly
instructions for each signal access. This makes the execution time 10-15%
faster, but can result in more compilations when something changes.
=item How do I access functions/tasks in C?
Use the SystemVerilog Direct Programming Interface. You write a Verilog
function or task with input/outputs that match what you want to call in
with C. Then mark that function as an external function. See the DPI
chapter in the manual.
=item How do I access signals in C?
The best thing is to make a SystemVerilog "export DPI task" or function
that accesses that signal, as described in the DPI chapter in the manual
and DPI tutorials on the web. This will allow Verilator to better optimize
the model and should be portable across simulators.
If you really want raw access to the signals, declare the signals you will
be accessing with a /*verilator public*/ comment before the closing
semicolon. Then scope into the C++ class to read the value of the signal,
as you would any other member variable.
Signals are the smallest of 8-bit chars, 16-bit shorts, 32-bit longs, or
64-bit long longs that fits the width of the signal. Generally, you can
use just uint32_t's for 1 to 32 bits, or vluint64_t for 1 to 64 bits, and
the compiler will properly up-convert smaller entities.
Signals wider than 64 bits are stored as an array of 32-bit uint32_t's.
Thus to read bits 31:0, access signal[0], and for bits 63:32, access
signal[1]. Unused bits (for example bit numbers 65-96 of a 65-bit vector)
will always be zero. if you change the value you must make sure to pack
zeros in the unused bits or core-dumps may result. (Because Verilator
strips array bound checks where it believes them to be unnecessary.)
In the SYSTEMC example above, if you had in our.v:
input clk /*verilator public*/;
// Note the placement of the semicolon above
From the sc_main.cpp file, you'd then:
#include "Vour.h"
#include "Vour_our.h"
cout << "clock is " << top->our->clk << endl;
In this example, clk is a bool you can read or set as any other variable.
The value of normal signals may be set, though clocks shouldn't be changed
by your code or you'll get strange results.
=item Should a module be in Verilog or SystemC?
Sometimes there is a block that just interconnects cells, and have a choice
as to if you write it in Verilog or SystemC. Everything else being equal,
best performance is when Verilator sees all of the design. So, look at the
hierarchy of your design, labeling cells as to if they are SystemC or
Verilog. Then:
A module with only SystemC cells below must be SystemC.
A module with a mix of Verilog and SystemC cells below must be SystemC. (As
Verilator cannot connect to lower-level SystemC cells.)
A module with only Verilog cells below can be either, but for best
performance should be Verilog. (The exception is if you have a design that
is instantiated many times; in this case Verilating one of the lower
modules and instantiating that Verilated cells multiple times into a
SystemC module *may* be faster.)
=back
=head1 BUGS
First, check the the coding limitations section.
Next, try the --debug switch. This will enable additional internal
assertions, and may help identify the problem.
Finally, reduce your code to the smallest possible routine that exhibits
the bug. Even better, create a test in the test_regress/t directory, as
follows:
cd test_regress
cp -p t/t_EXAMPLE.pl t/t_BUG.pl
cp -p t/t_EXAMPLE.v t/t_BUG.v
There are many hits on how to write a good test in the driver.pl
documentation which can be seen by running:
cd $VERILATOR_ROOT # Need the original distribution kit
test_regress/driver.pl --help
Edit t/t_BUG.pl to suit your example; you can do anything you want in the
Verilog code there; just make sure it retains the single clk input and no
outputs. Now, the following should fail:
cd $VERILATOR_ROOT # Need the original distribution kit
cd test_regress
t/t_BUG.pl # Run on Verilator
t/t_BUG.pl --debug # Run on Verilator, passing --debug to Verilator
t/t_BUG.pl --vcs # Run on a commercial simulator
t/t_BUG.pl --nc|--iv|--ghdl # Likewise on other simulators
The test driver accepts a number of options, many of which mirror the main
Verilator option. For example the previous test could have been run with
debugging enabled. The full set of test options can be seen by running
driver.pl --help as shown above.
Finally, report the bug using the bug tracker at
L<http://www.veripool.org/verilator>. The bug will become publicly
visible; if this is unacceptable, mail the bug report to
C<wsnyder@wsnyder.org>.
=head1 HISTORY
Verilator was conceived in 1994 by Paul Wasson at the Core Logic Group
at Digital Equipment Corporation. The Verilog code that was converted
to C was then merged with a C based CPU model of the Alpha processor
and simulated in a C based environment called CCLI.
In 1995 Verilator started being used also for Multimedia and Network
Processor development inside Digital. Duane Galbi took over active
development of Verilator, and added several performance enhancements.
CCLI was still being used as the shell.
In 1998, through the efforts of existing DECies, mainly Duane Galbi,
Digital graciously agreed to release the source code. (Subject to the
code not being resold, which is compatible with the GNU Public
License.)
In 2001, Wilson Snyder took the kit, and added a SystemC mode, and
called it Verilator2. This was the first packaged public release.
In 2002, Wilson Snyder created Verilator 3.000 by rewriting Verilator from
scratch in C++. This added many optimizations, yielding about a 2-5x
performance gain.
In 2009, major SystemVerilog and DPI language support was added.
In 2018, Verilator 4.000 was released with multithreaded support.
Currently, various language features and performance enhancements are added
as the need arises. Verilator is now about 3x faster than in 2002, and is
faster than many popular commercial simulators.
=head1 AUTHORS
When possible, please instead report bugs to L<http://www.veripool.org/>.
Wilson Snyder <wsnyder@wsnyder.org>
Major concepts by Paul Wasson, Duane Galbi, John Coiner and Jie Xu.
=head1 CONTRIBUTORS
Many people have provided ideas and other assistance with Verilator.
The major corporate sponsors of Verilator, by providing significant
contributions of time or funds include include Atmel Corporation, Cavium
Inc., Compaq Corporation, Digital Equipment Corporation, Embecosm Ltd.,
Hicamp Systems, Intel Corporation, Mindspeed Technologies Inc., MicroTune
Inc., picoChip Designs Ltd., Sun Microsystems Inc., Nauticus Networks Inc.,
and SiCortex Inc.
The people who have contributed major functionality are Byron Bradley,
Jeremy Bennett, Jie Xu, Lane Brooks, John Coiner, Duane Galbi, Paul Wasson,
and Wilson Snyder. Major testers included Jeff Dutton, Jonathon Donaldson,
Ralf Karge, David Hewson, Iztok Jeras, Wim Michiels, Alex Solomatnikov,
Sebastien Van Cauwenberghe, Gene Weber, and Clifford Wolf.
Some of the people who have provided ideas and feedback for Verilator
include: Ahmed El-Mahmoudy, David Addison, Tariq B. Ahmad, Nikana
Anastasiadis, Hans Van Antwerpen, Vasu Arasanipalai, Jens Arm, Sharad
Bagri, Andrew Bardsley, Matthew Barr, Geoff Barrett, Julius Baxter, Jeremy
Bennett, Michael Berman, Victor Besyakov, David Binderman, Johan Bjork,
David Black, Tymoteusz Blazejczyk, Daniel Bone, Gregg Bouchard, Christopher
Boumenot, Nick Bowler, Byron Bradley, Bryan Brady, Charlie Brej, J Briquet,
Lane Brooks, John Brownlee, Jeff Bush, Lawrence Butcher, Ted Campbell,
Chris Candler, Lauren Carlson, Donal Casey, Sebastien Van Cauwenberghe,
Terry Chen, Enzo Chi, Robert A. Clark, Allan Cochrane, John Coiner, Laurens
van Dam, Gunter Dannoritzer, Ashutosh Das, Bernard Deadman, John Demme,
Mike Denio, John Deroo, Philip Derrick, Joe DErrico, John Dickol, Ruben
Diez, Danny Ding, Ivan Djordjevic, Jonathon Donaldson, Sebastian Dressler,
Alex Duller, Jeff Dutton, Usuario Eda, Chandan Egbert, Joe Eiler, Ahmed
El-Mahmoudy, Trevor Elbourne, Robert Farrell, Eugen Fekete, Fabrizio
Ferrandi, Brian Flachs, Andrea Foletto, Bob Fredieu, Duane Galbi, Christian
Gelinek, Glen Gibb, Shankar Giri, Dan Gisselquist, Sam Gladstone, Amir
Gonnen, Chitlesh Goorah, Xuan Guo, Neil Hamilton, Jannis Harder, Junji
Hashimoto, Thomas Hawkins, Robert Henry, David Hewson, Jamey Hicks, Joel
Holdsworth, Hiroki Honda, Alex Hornung, David Horton, Jae Hossell, Alan
Hunter, James Hutchinson, Jamie Iles, Ben Jackson, Shareef Jalloq,
Krzysztof Jankowski, HyungKi Jeong, Iztok Jeras, James Johnson, Christophe
Joly, Franck Jullien, James Jung, Mike Kagen, Arthur Kahlich, Kaalia Kahn,
Guy-Armand Kamendje, Vasu Kandadi, Patricio Kaplan, Ralf Karge, Dan Katz,
Sol Katzman, Jonathan Kimmitt, Olof Kindgren, Dan Kirkham, Sobhan Klnv,
Gernot Koch, Soon Koh, Steve Kolecki, Brett Koonce, Wojciech Koszek, Varun
Koyyalagunta, David Kravitz, Roland Kruse, Sergey Kvachonok, Ed Lander,
Steve Lang, Stephane Laurent, Walter Lavino, Christian Leber, Igor Lesik,
John Li, Eivind Liland, Yu Sheng Lin, Charlie Lind, Andrew Ling, Paul Liu,
Derek Lockhart, Arthur Low, Stefan Ludwig, Dan Lussier, Fred Ma, Duraid
Madina, Julien Margetts, Mark Marshall, Alfonso Martinez, Yves Mathieu,
Patrick Maupin, Jason McMullan, Elliot Mednick, Wim Michiels, Miodrag
Milanovic, Wai Sum Mong, Sean Moore, Dennis Muhlestein, John Murphy,
Richard Myers, Dimitris Nalbantis, Bob Newgard, Cong Van Nguyen, Paul
Nitza, Pete Nixon, Lisa Noack, Mark Nodine, Andreas Olofsson, James
Pallister, Brad Parker, Maciej Piechotka, David Pierce, Dominic Plunkett,
David Poole, Mike Popoloski, Rich Porter, Niranjan Prabhu, Usha
Priyadharshini, Mark Jackson Pulver, Prateek Puri, Marshal Qiao, Chris
Randall, Anton Rapp, Josh Redford, Odd Magne Reitan, Frederic Requin,
Alberto Del Rio, Oleg Rodionov, Paul Rolfe, Arjen Roodselaar, Jan Egil
Ruud, John Sanguinetti, Galen Seitz, Salman Sheikh, Mike Shinkarovsky,
Rafael Shirakawa, Jeffrey Short, Rodney Sinclair, Steven Slatter, Brian
Small, Wilson Snyder, Alex Solomatnikov, Wei Song, Art Stamness, John
Stevenson, Patrick Stewart, Rob Stoddard, Todd Strader, John Stroebel, Sven
Stucki, Emerson Suguimoto, Gene Sullivan, Renga Sundararajan, Yutetsu
Takatsukasa, Peter Tengstrand, Wesley Terpstra, Rui Terra, Stefan Thiede,
Gary Thomas, Kevin Thompson, Ian Thompson, Mike Thyer, Hans Tichelaar,
Steve Tong, Michael Tresidder, Holger Waechtler, Stefan Wallentowitz, Shawn
Wang, Paul Wasson, Greg Waters, Thomas Watts, Eugene Weber, David Welch,
Thomas J Whatson, Leon Wildman, Gerald Williams, Trevor Williams, Jeff
Winston, Joshua Wise, Clifford Wolf, Johan Wouters, Junyi Xi, Ding
Xiaoliang, Jie Xu, Mandy Xu, Luke Yang, and Amir Yazdanbakhsh.
Thanks to them, and all those we've missed including above, or wished to
remain anonymous.
=head1 DISTRIBUTION
The latest version is available from L<http://www.veripool.org/>.
Copyright 2003-2019 by Wilson Snyder. Verilator is free software; you can
redistribute it and/or modify the Verilator internals under the terms of
either the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic
License Version 2.0.
=head1 SEE ALSO
L<verilator_coverage>, L<verilator_gantt>, L<verilator_profcfunc>, L<make>,
L<verilator --help> which is the source for this document,
and internals.txt in the distribution.
=cut
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