Introduce model interface class, make $root part or Syms (#3036)

This patch implements #3032. Verilator creates a module representing the
SystemVerilog $root scope (V3LinkLevel::wrapTop). Until now, this was
called the "TOP" module, which also acted as the user instantiated model
class. Syms used to hold a pointer to this root module, but hold
instances of any submodule. This patch renames this root scope module
from "TOP" to "$root", and introduces a separate model class which is
now an interface class. As the root module is no longer the user
interface class, it can now be made an instance of Syms, just like any
other submodule. This allows absolute references into the root module to
avoid an additional pointer indirection resulting in a potential speedup
(about 1.5% on OpenTitan). The model class now also contains all non
design specific generated code (e.g.: eval loops, trace config, etc),
which additionally simplifies Verilator internals.

Please see the updated documentation for the model interface changes.

Changes

@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ Verilator 4.205 devel
 
 * Generated code is now emitted as global functions rather than methods. '$c'
   contents might need to be updated, see the docs (#3006). [Geza Lore]
+* The generated model class instantiated by the user is now an interface
+  object and no longer the TOP module instance.  User code with direct
+  C++ member access to model internals, including verilator public_flat
+  items will likely need to be updated. See the manual for instructions:
+  https://verilator.org/guide/latest/connecting.html#porting-from-pre-4-206
+  (#3036). [Geza Lore]
 
 **Minor:**
 

docs/guide/connecting.rst

@@ -7,22 +7,86 @@
 Connecting to Verilated Models
 ******************************
 
+Structure of the Verilated Model
+================================
+
+Verilator outputs a :file:`{prefix}.h` header file which defines a class
+named :code:`{prefix}` which represents the generated model the user is
+supposed to instantiate.  This model class defines the interface of the
+Verilated model.
+
+Verilator will additionally create a :file:`{prefix}.cpp` file, together
+with additional .h and .cpp files for internals.  See the :file:`examples`
+directory in the kit for examples.  See :ref:`Files Read/Written` for
+information on all the files Verilator might output.
+
+The output of Verilator will contain a :file:`{prefix}.mk` file that may be
+used with Make to build a :file:`{prefix}__ALL.a` library with all required
+objects in it.
+
+The generated model class file manages all internal state required by the
+model, and exposes the following interface that allows interaction with the
+model:
+
+* Top level IO ports are exposed as references to the appropriate internal
+  equivalents.
+
+* Public top level module instances are exposed as pointers to allow access
+  to :code:`/* verilator public */` items.
+
+* The root of the design hierarchy (as in SystemVerilog :code:`$root`) is
+  exposed via the :code:`rootp` member pointer to allow access to model
+  internals, including :code:`/* verilator public_flat */` items.
+
+
+.. _Porting from pre 4.206:
+
+Model interface changes in version 4.206
+------------------------------------------
+
+Starting from version 4.206, the model class is an interface object.
+
+Up until Verilator version 4.204 inclusive, the generated model class was
+also the instance of the top level instance in the design hierarchy (what
+you would refer to with :code:`$root` in SystemVerilog).  This meant that
+all internal variables that were implemented by Verilator in the root scope
+were accessible as members of the model class itself.  Note there were often
+many such variable due to module inlining, including :code:`/* verilator
+public_flat */` items.
+
+This means that user code that accesses internal signals in the model
+(likely including :code:`/* verilator public_flat */` signals, as they are
+often inlined into the root scope) will need to be updated as follows:
+
+* No change required for accessing top level IO signals. These are directly
+  accessible in the model class via references.
+
+* No change required for accessing :code:`/* verilator public */` items.
+  These are directly accessible via sub-module pointers in the model class.
+
+* Accessing any other internal members, including
+  :code:`/* verilator public_flat */` items requires the following changes:
+
+  * Additionally include :file:`{prefix}___024root.h`. This header defines
+    type of the :code:`rootp` pointer within the model class. Note the
+    :code:`__024` substring is the Verilator escape sequence for the
+    :code:`$` character, i.e.: :code:`rootp` points to the Verilated
+    SystemVerilog :code:`$root` scope.
+
+  * Replace :code:`modelp->internal->member->lookup` references with
+    :code:`modelp->rootp->internal->member->lookup` references, which
+    contain one additional indirection via the :code:`rootp` pointer.
+
+
 .. _Connecting to C++:
 
 Connecting to C++
 =================
 
-Verilator creates a :file:`{prefix}.h` and :file:`{prefix}.cpp` file for
-the top level module, together with additional .h and .cpp files for
-internals. See the :file:`examples` directory in the kit for examples.  See
-:ref:`Files Read/Written` for information on all the files it writes.
-
-After the model is created, there will be a :file:`{prefix}.mk` file that
-may be used with Make to produce a :file:`{prefix}__ALL.a` file with all
-required objects in it.
-
-The user must write a C++ wrapper and main loop for the simulation, to link
-with the Verilated model.  Here is a simple example:
+In C++ output mode (:vlopt:`--cc`), the Verilator generated model class is a
+simple C++ class.  The user must write a C++ wrapper and main loop for the
+simulation, which instantiates the model class, and link with the Verilated
+model.  Here is a simple example:
 
 .. code-block:: C++
 
@@ -30,7 +94,7 @@ with the Verilated model.  Here is a simple example:
          #include <iostream>             // Need std::cout
          #include "Vtop.h"               // From Verilating "top.v"
 
-         Vtop *top;                      // Instantiation of module
+         Vtop *top;                      // Instantiation of model
 
          vluint64_t main_time = 0;       // Current simulation time
          // This is a 64-bit integer to reduce wrap over issues and
@@ -45,7 +109,7 @@ with the Verilated model.  Here is a simple example:
          int main(int argc, char** argv) {
              Verilated::commandArgs(argc, argv);   // Remember args
 
-             top = new Vtop;             // Create instance
+             top = new Vtop;             // Create model
 
              top->reset_l = 0;           // Set some inputs
 
@@ -70,17 +134,18 @@ with the Verilated model.  Here is a simple example:
          }
 
 
-Note signals are read and written as member variables of the model.  You
-call the :code:`eval()` method to evaluate the model.  When the simulation
-is complete call the :code:`final()` method to execute any SystemVerilog
-final blocks, and complete any assertions. See :ref:`Evaluation Loop`.
+Note top level IO signals are read and written as members of the model.  You
+call the :code:`eval()` method to evaluate the model.  When the simulation is
+complete call the :code:`final()` method to execute any SystemVerilog final
+blocks, and complete any assertions. See :ref:`Evaluation Loop`.
 
 
 Connecting to SystemC
 =====================
 
-Verilator will convert the top level module to a SC_MODULE.  This module
-will attach directly into a SystemC netlist as an instantiation.
+In SystemC output mode (:vlopt:`--sc`), the Verilator generated model class
+is a SystemC SC_MODULE.  This module will attach directly into a SystemC
+netlist as an instantiation.
 
 The SC_MODULE gets the same pinout as the Verilog module, with the
 following type conversions: Pins of a single bit become bool.  Pins 2-32
@@ -88,9 +153,9 @@ bits wide become uint32_t's.  Pins 33-64 bits wide become sc_bv's or
 vluint64_t's depending on the :vlopt:`--no-pins64` option.  Wider pins
 become sc_bv's.  (Uints simulate the fastest so are used where possible.)
 
-Lower modules are not pure SystemC code.  This is a feature, as using the
-SystemC pin interconnect scheme everywhere would reduce performance by an
-order of magnitude.
+Model internals, including lower level sub-modules are not pure SystemC
+code.  This is a feature, as using the SystemC pin interconnect scheme
+everywhere would reduce performance by an order of magnitude.
 
 
 Direct Programming Interface (DPI)

docs/guide/files.rst

@@ -54,32 +54,38 @@ For --cc/--sc, it creates:
      - Arguments for hierarchical Verilation (from --make gmake)
    * - *{prefix}*\ _hierCMakeArgs.f
      - Arguments for hierarchical Verilation (from --make cmake)
-   * - *{prefix}*\ .cpp
-     - Top level C++ file
-   * - *{prefix}{__n}*\ .cpp
-     - Additional top C++ files (from --output-split)
    * - *{prefix}*\ .h
-     - Top level header
-   * - *{prefix}*\ __Slow\ *{__n}*\ .cpp
+     - Model header
+   * - *{prefix}*\ .cpp
+     - Model C++ file
+   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root.h
+     - Top level (SystemVerilog $root) internal header file
+   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root.cpp
+     - Top level (SystemVerilog $root) internal C++ file
+   * - *{prefix}*___024root*{__n}*\ .cpp
+     - Additional top level internal C++ files (from --output-split)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Slow\ *{__n}*\ .cpp
      - Infrequent cold routines
-   * - *{prefix}*\ __Dpi.cpp
-     - DPI import and export wrappers (from --dpi)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Trace{__n}*\ .cpp
+     - Wave file generation code (from --trace)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ ___024root__Trace__Slow{__n}*\ .cpp
+     - Wave file generation code (from --trace)
    * - *{prefix}*\ __Dpi.h
      - DPI import and export declarations (from --dpi)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ __Dpi.cpp
+     - Global DPI export wrappers (from --dpi)
+   * - *{prefix}*\ __Dpi_Export\ *{__n}\ .cpp
+     - DPI export wrappers scoped to this particular model (from --dpi)
    * - *{prefix}*\ __Inlines.h
      - Inline support functions
-   * - *{prefix}*\ __Syms.cpp
-     - Global symbol table C++
    * - *{prefix}*\ __Syms.h
      - Global symbol table header
-   * - *{prefix}*\ __Trace{__n}*\ .cpp
-     - Wave file generation code (from --trace)
-   * - *{prefix}*\ __Trace__Slow{__n}*\ .cpp
-     - Wave file generation code (from --trace)
-   * - *{prefix}{each_verilog_module}*\ .cpp
-     - Lower level internal C++ files
+   * - *{prefix}*\ __Syms.cpp
+     - Global symbol table C++
    * - *{prefix}{each_verilog_module}*\ .h
      - Lower level internal header files
+   * - *{prefix}{each_verilog_module}*\ .cpp
+     - Lower level internal C++ files
    * - *{prefix}{each_verilog_module}{__n}*\ .cpp
      - Additional lower C++ files (from --output-split)
 

src/Makefile_obj.in

@@ -184,9 +184,10 @@ RAW_OBJS = \
 	V3EmitCConstPool.o \
 	V3EmitCFunc.o \
 	V3EmitCInlines.o \
-	V3EmitCSyms.o \
-	V3EmitCMake.o \
 	V3EmitCMain.o \
+	V3EmitCMake.o \
+	V3EmitCModel.o \
+	V3EmitCSyms.o \
 	V3EmitMk.o \
 	V3EmitV.o \
 	V3EmitXml.o \

src/V3Ast.h

@@ -1880,7 +1880,7 @@ public:
     virtual void dump(std::ostream& str) const override;
     virtual bool hasDType() const override { return true; }
     virtual string emitVerilog() = 0;  /// Format string for verilog writing; see V3EmitV
-    // For documentation on emitC format see EmitCStmts::emitOpName
+    // For documentation on emitC format see EmitCFunc::emitOpName
     virtual string emitC() = 0;
     virtual string emitSimpleOperator() { return ""; }  // "" means not ok to use
     virtual bool emitCheckMaxWords() { return false; }  // Check VL_MULS_MAX_WORDS

src/V3AstNodes.cpp

@@ -337,14 +337,15 @@ string AstVar::verilogKwd() const {
     }
 }
 
-string AstVar::vlArgType(bool named, bool forReturn, bool forFunc, const string& namespc) const {
+string AstVar::vlArgType(bool named, bool forReturn, bool forFunc, const string& namespc,
+                         bool asRef) const {
     UASSERT_OBJ(!forReturn, this,
                 "Internal data is never passed as return, but as first argument");
     string ostatic;
     if (isStatic() && namespc.empty()) ostatic = "static ";
 
-    const bool isRef
-        = isDpiOpenArray() || (forFunc && (isWritable() || direction().isRefOrConstRef()));
+    const bool isRef = isDpiOpenArray()
+                       || (forFunc && (isWritable() || direction().isRefOrConstRef())) || asRef;
 
     if (forFunc && isReadOnly() && isRef) ostatic = ostatic + "const ";
 
@@ -641,8 +642,15 @@ public:
     string render(const string& name, bool isRef) const {
         string out;
         out += m_type;
-        if (name != "") out += " ";
-        out += isRef ? "(&" + name + ")" : name;
+        if (!name.empty()) out += " ";
+        if (isRef) {
+            if (!m_dims.empty()) out += "(";
+            out += "&";
+            out += name;
+            if (!m_dims.empty()) out += ")";
+        } else {
+            out += name;
+        }
         out += m_dims;
         return out;
     }

src/V3AstNodes.h

@@ -2059,7 +2059,8 @@ public:
     string dpiArgType(bool named, bool forReturn) const;  // Return DPI-C type for argument
     string dpiTmpVarType(const string& varName) const;
     // Return Verilator internal type for argument: CData, SData, IData, WData
-    string vlArgType(bool named, bool forReturn, bool forFunc, const string& namespc = "") const;
+    string vlArgType(bool named, bool forReturn, bool forFunc, const string& namespc = "",
+                     bool asRef = false) const;
     string vlEnumType() const;  // Return VerilatorVarType: VLVT_UINT32, etc
     string vlEnumDir() const;  // Return VerilatorVarDir: VLVD_INOUT, etc
     string vlPropDecl(const string& propName) const;  // Return VerilatorVarProps declaration

src/V3Descope.cpp

@@ -98,11 +98,7 @@ private:
         } else {
             // Reference to something elsewhere, or relative references are disabled. Use global
             // variable
-            if (scopep->isTop()) {  // Top
-                return "vlSymsp->TOPp";
-            } else {
-                return "(&" + scopep->nameVlSym() + ")";
-            }
+            return "(&" + scopep->nameVlSym() + ")";
         }
     }
 

src/V3EmitC.cpp

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 #include <unordered_set>
 
-//###################################################################### >
+//######################################################################
 // Internal EmitC implementation
 
 class EmitCImp final : EmitCFunc {
@@ -60,24 +60,12 @@ class EmitCImp final : EmitCFunc {
         }
 
         ofp->putsHeader();
-        if (m_fileModp->isTop() && !source) {
-            ofp->puts("// DESCR"
-                      "IPTION: Verilator output: Primary design header\n");
-            ofp->puts("//\n");
-            ofp->puts("// This header should be included by all source files instantiating the "
-                      "design.\n");
-            ofp->puts("// The class here is then constructed to instantiate the design.\n");
-            ofp->puts("// See the Verilator manual for examples.\n");
+        if (source) {
+            ofp->puts("// DESCRIPTION: Verilator output: Design implementation internals\n");
         } else {
-            if (source) {
-                ofp->puts("// DESCR"
-                          "IPTION: Verilator output: Design implementation internals\n");
-            } else {
-                ofp->puts("// DESCR"
-                          "IPTION: Verilator output: Design internal header\n");
-            }
-            ofp->puts("// See " + v3Global.opt.prefix() + ".h for the primary calling header\n");
+            ofp->puts("// DESCRIPTION: Verilator output: Design internal header\n");
         }
+        ofp->puts("// See " + topClassName() + ".h for the primary calling header\n");
         return ofp;
     }
 
@@ -88,6 +76,7 @@ class EmitCImp final : EmitCFunc {
         // TRACE_* and DPI handled elsewhere
         if (nodep->funcType().isTrace()) return;
         if (nodep->dpiImportPrototype()) return;
+        if (nodep->dpiExportDispatcher()) return;
         if (!(nodep->slow() ? m_slow : m_fast)) return;
 
         maybeSplit();
@@ -192,7 +181,33 @@ class EmitCImp final : EmitCFunc {
         }
         if (anyi) puts("\n");
     }
-    void emitSensitives();
+    void emitIntFuncDecls(AstNodeModule* modp, bool inClassBody) {
+        std::vector<const AstCFunc*> funcsp;
+
+        for (AstNode* nodep = modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
+            if (const AstCFunc* funcp = VN_CAST(nodep, CFunc)) {
+                if (funcp->dpiImportPrototype())  // Declared in __Dpi.h
+                    continue;
+                if (funcp->dpiExportDispatcher())  // Declared in __Dpi.h
+                    continue;
+                if (funcp->isMethod() != inClassBody)  // Only methods go inside class
+                    continue;
+                if (funcp->isMethod() && funcp->isLoose())  // Loose methods are declared lazily
+                    continue;
+                funcsp.push_back(funcp);
+            }
+        }
+
+        stable_sort(funcsp.begin(), funcsp.end(), [](const AstNode* ap, const AstNode* bp) {  //
+            return ap->name() < bp->name();
+        });
+
+        for (const AstCFunc* funcp : funcsp) {
+            if (inClassBody) ofp()->putsPrivate(funcp->declPrivate());
+            emitCFuncDecl(funcp, modp);
+        }
+    }
+
     // Medium level
     void emitCtorImp(AstNodeModule* modp);
     void emitConfigureImp(AstNodeModule* modp);
@@ -204,11 +219,6 @@ class EmitCImp final : EmitCFunc {
     // High level
     void emitImpTop();
     void emitImp(AstNodeModule* modp);
-    void emitSettleLoop(bool initial);
-    void emitWrapEval();
-    void emitWrapFast();
-    void emitThreadingState();
-    void emitThreadingCtors(bool* firstp);
     void emitIntTop(const AstNodeModule* modp);
     void emitInt(AstNodeModule* modp);
     void maybeSplit();
@@ -236,19 +246,6 @@ void EmitCImp::emitCoverageDecl(AstNodeModule*) {
     }
 }
 
-void EmitCImp::emitThreadingCtors(bool* firstp) {
-    ofp()->indentInc();
-    emitCtorSep(firstp);
-    puts("__Vm_threadPoolp(nullptr)");
-    emitCtorSep(firstp);
-    puts("__Vm_even_cycle(false)");
-    if (v3Global.opt.profThreads()) {
-        emitCtorSep(firstp);
-        puts("__Vm_profile_cycle_start(0)");
-    }
-    ofp()->indentDec();
-}
-
 void EmitCImp::emitCtorImp(AstNodeModule* modp) {
     puts("\n");
     bool first = true;
@@ -264,62 +261,19 @@ void EmitCImp::emitCtorImp(AstNodeModule* modp) {
 
     if (VN_IS(modp, Class)) {
         modp->v3fatalSrc("constructors should be AstCFuncs instead");
-    } else if (optSystemC() && modp->isTop()) {
-        puts(modName + "::" + modName + "(sc_module_name)");
-    } else if (modp->isTop()) {
-        puts(modName + "::" + modName
-             + "(VerilatedContext* _vcontextp__, const char* _vcname__)\n");
-        puts("    : VerilatedModule{_vcname__}\n");
-        first = false;  // printed the first ':'
     } else {
         puts(modName + "::" + modName + "(const char* _vcname__)\n");
         puts("    : VerilatedModule(_vcname__)\n");
         first = false;  // printed the first ':'
     }
     emitVarCtors(&first);
-    if (modp->isTop() && v3Global.opt.mtasks()) emitThreadingCtors(&first);
 
     puts(" {\n");
 
-    if (modp->isTop()) {
-        putsDecoration("// Create Sym instance\n");
-        // Must be before other constructors, as __vlCoverInsert calls it.
-        // Note _vcontextp__ may be nullptr, VerilatedSyms::VerilatedSyms cleans it up
-        puts(EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassVar() + " = new " + symClassName() + "("
-             + (optSystemC() ? "nullptr" : "_vcontextp__") + ", this, name());\n");
-    }
-
-    emitSensitives();
-
     putsDecoration("// Reset structure values\n");
     puts(modName + "__" + protect("_ctor_var_reset") + "(this);\n");
     emitTextSection(AstType::atScCtor);
 
-    if (modp->isTop() && v3Global.opt.mtasks()) {
-        // TODO-- For now each top module creates its own ThreadPool here,
-        // and deletes it in the destructor. If A and B are each top level
-        // modules, each creates a separate thread pool.  This allows
-        // A.eval() and B.eval() to run concurrently without any
-        // interference -- so long as the physical machine has enough cores
-        // to support both pools and all testbench threads.
-        //
-        // In the future, we might want to let the client provide a
-        // threadpool to the constructor. This would allow two or more
-        // models to share a single threadpool.
-        //
-        // For example: suppose models A and B are each compiled to run on
-        // 4 threads. The client might create a single thread pool with 3
-        // threads and pass it to both models. If the client can ensure that
-        // A.eval() and B.eval() do NOT run concurrently, there will be no
-        // contention for the threads. This mode is missing for now.  (Is
-        // there demand for such a setup?)
-        puts("__Vm_threadPoolp = new VlThreadPool("
-             // Note we create N-1 threads in the thread pool. The thread
-             // that calls eval() becomes the final Nth thread for the
-             // duration of the eval call.
-             + string("vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__, ") + cvtToStr(v3Global.opt.threads() - 1) + ", "
-             + cvtToStr(v3Global.opt.profThreads()) + ");\n");
-    }
     puts("}\n");
 }
 
@@ -382,19 +336,7 @@ void EmitCImp::emitCoverageImp(AstNodeModule*) {
 void EmitCImp::emitDestructorImp(AstNodeModule* modp) {
     puts("\n");
     puts(prefixNameProtect(modp) + "::~" + prefixNameProtect(modp) + "() {\n");
-    if (modp->isTop()) {
-        if (v3Global.opt.mtasks()) {
-            puts("VL_DO_CLEAR(delete __Vm_threadPoolp, __Vm_threadPoolp = nullptr);\n");
-        }
-        // Call via function in __Trace.cpp as this .cpp file does not have trace header
-        if (v3Global.needTraceDumper()) {
-            puts("#ifdef VM_TRACE\n");
-            puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY(vlSymsp->__Vm_dumping)) _traceDumpClose();\n");
-            puts("#endif  // VM_TRACE\n");
-        }
-    }
     emitTextSection(AstType::atScDtor);
-    if (modp->isTop()) puts("VL_DO_CLEAR(delete vlSymsp, vlSymsp = nullptr);\n");
     puts("}\n");
     splitSizeInc(10);
 }
@@ -476,9 +418,6 @@ void EmitCImp::emitSavableImp(AstNodeModule* modp) {
                 }
             }
 
-            if (modp->isTop()) {  // Save the children
-                puts("vlSymsp->" + protect(funcname) + "(os);\n");
-            }
             puts("}\n");
         }
     }
@@ -505,216 +444,6 @@ void EmitCImp::emitTextSection(AstType type) {
     if (last_line > 0) puts("//*** Above code from `systemc in Verilog file\n\n");
 }
 
-void EmitCImp::emitSensitives() {
-    // Create sensitivity list for when to evaluate the model.
-    // If C++ code, the user must call this routine themself.
-    if (m_modp->isTop() && optSystemC()) {
-        putsDecoration("// Sensitivities on all clocks and combo inputs\n");
-        puts("SC_METHOD(eval);\n");
-        for (AstNode* nodep = m_modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
-            if (const AstVar* varp = VN_CAST(nodep, Var)) {
-                if (varp->isNonOutput() && (varp->isScSensitive() || varp->isUsedClock())) {
-                    int vects = 0;
-                    // This isn't very robust and may need cleanup for other data types
-                    for (AstUnpackArrayDType* arrayp
-                         = VN_CAST(varp->dtypeSkipRefp(), UnpackArrayDType);
-                         arrayp;
-                         arrayp = VN_CAST(arrayp->subDTypep()->skipRefp(), UnpackArrayDType)) {
-                        const int vecnum = vects++;
-                        UASSERT_OBJ(arrayp->hi() >= arrayp->lo(), varp,
-                                    "Should have swapped msb & lsb earlier.");
-                        const string ivar = string("__Vi") + cvtToStr(vecnum);
-                        puts("for (int __Vi" + cvtToStr(vecnum) + "=" + cvtToStr(arrayp->lo()));
-                        puts("; " + ivar + "<=" + cvtToStr(arrayp->hi()));
-                        puts("; ++" + ivar + ") {\n");
-                    }
-                    puts("sensitive << " + varp->nameProtect());
-                    for (int v = 0; v < vects; ++v) puts("[__Vi" + cvtToStr(v) + "]");
-                    puts(";\n");
-                    for (int v = 0; v < vects; ++v) puts("}\n");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        puts("\n");
-    }
-}
-
-void EmitCImp::emitSettleLoop(bool initial) {
-    const string self = initial ? "vlSelf" : "this";
-    putsDecoration("// Evaluate till stable\n");
-    puts("int __VclockLoop = 0;\n");
-    puts("QData __Vchange = 1;\n");
-    if (v3Global.opt.trace()) puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_activity = true;\n");
-    puts("do {\n");
-    puts("VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF(\"+ ");
-    puts(initial ? "Initial" : "Clock");
-    puts(" loop\\n\"););\n");
-    if (initial) puts(topClassName() + "__" + protect("_eval_settle") + "(" + self + ");\n");
-    puts(topClassName() + "__" + protect("_eval") + "(" + self + ");\n");
-    puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY(++__VclockLoop > " + cvtToStr(v3Global.opt.convergeLimit()) + ")) {\n");
-    puts("// About to fail, so enable debug to see what's not settling.\n");
-    puts("// Note you must run make with OPT=-DVL_DEBUG for debug prints.\n");
-    puts("int __Vsaved_debug = Verilated::debug();\n");
-    puts("Verilated::debug(1);\n");
-    puts("__Vchange = " + topClassName() + "__" + protect("_change_request") + "(" + self
-         + ");\n");
-    puts("Verilated::debug(__Vsaved_debug);\n");
-    puts("VL_FATAL_MT(");
-    putsQuoted(protect(m_modp->fileline()->filename()));
-    puts(", ");
-    puts(cvtToStr(m_modp->fileline()->lineno()));
-    puts(", \"\",\n");
-    puts("\"Verilated model didn't ");
-    if (initial) puts("DC ");
-    puts("converge\\n\"\n");
-    puts("\"- See https://verilator.org/warn/DIDNOTCONVERGE\");\n");
-    puts("} else {\n");
-    puts("__Vchange = " + topClassName() + "__" + protect("_change_request") + "(" + self
-         + ");\n");
-    puts("}\n");
-    puts("} while (VL_UNLIKELY(__Vchange));\n");
-}
-
-void EmitCImp::emitWrapFast() {
-    UASSERT_OBJ(m_modp->isTop(), m_modp, "Attempting to emitWrapFast for non-top class");
-    puts("\nVerilatedContext* " + topClassName() + "::contextp() const {\n");
-    puts(/**/ "return vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__;\n");
-    puts("}\n");
-}
-
-void EmitCImp::emitWrapEval() {
-    UASSERT_OBJ(m_modp->isTop(), m_modp, "Attempting to emitWrapEval for non-top class");
-
-    const string selfDecl = "(" + topClassName() + "* vlSelf)";
-
-    // Forward declarations
-    puts("\n");
-    m_lazyDecls.emit("void " + topClassName() + "__", protect("_eval_initial"), selfDecl + ";");
-    m_lazyDecls.emit("void " + topClassName() + "__", protect("_eval_settle"), selfDecl + ";");
-    m_lazyDecls.emit("void " + topClassName() + "__", protect("_eval"), selfDecl + ";");
-    m_lazyDecls.emit("QData " + topClassName() + "__", protect("_change_request"), selfDecl + ";");
-    puts("#ifdef VL_DEBUG\n");
-    m_lazyDecls.emit("void " + topClassName() + "__", protect("_eval_debug_assertions"),
-                     selfDecl + ";");
-    puts("#endif  // VL_DEBUG\n");
-    m_lazyDecls.emit("void " + topClassName() + "__", protect("_final"), selfDecl + ";");
-
-    // _eval_initial_loop
-    puts("\nstatic void " + protect("_eval_initial_loop") + selfDecl + " {\n");
-    puts(symClassAssign());
-    puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_didInit = true;\n");
-    puts(topClassName() + "__" + protect("_eval_initial") + "(vlSelf);\n");
-    emitSettleLoop(/* initial: */ true);
-    ensureNewLine();
-    puts("}\n");
-
-    // ::eval_step
-    puts("\nvoid " + topClassName() + "::eval_step() {\n");
-    puts("VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF(\"+++++TOP Evaluate " + topClassName()
-         + "::eval_step\\n\"); );\n");
-    puts("#ifdef VL_DEBUG\n");
-    putsDecoration("// Debug assertions\n");
-    puts(topClassName() + "__" + protect("_eval_debug_assertions") + "(this);\n");
-    puts("#endif  // VL_DEBUG\n");
-    putsDecoration("// Initialize\n");
-    puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY(!vlSymsp->__Vm_didInit)) " + protect("_eval_initial_loop")
-         + "(this);\n");
-
-    if (v3Global.opt.threads() == 1) {
-        uint32_t mtaskId = 0;
-        putsDecoration("// MTask " + cvtToStr(mtaskId) + " start\n");
-        puts("VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF(\"MTask" + cvtToStr(mtaskId) + " starting\\n\"););\n");
-        puts("Verilated::mtaskId(" + cvtToStr(mtaskId) + ");\n");
-    }
-
-    if (v3Global.opt.mtasks() && v3Global.opt.profThreads()) {
-        puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY((vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsStart() != "
-             "__Vm_profile_time_finished)\n");
-        puts(" && (VL_TIME_Q() > vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsStart())\n");
-        puts(" && (vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsWindow() >= 1))) {\n");
-        // Within a profile (either starting, middle, or end)
-        puts("if (__Vm_profile_window_ct == 0) {\n");  // Opening file?
-        // Start profile on this cycle. We'll capture a window worth, then
-        // only analyze the next window worth. The idea is that the first window
-        // capture will hit some cache-cold stuff (eg printf) but it'll be warm
-        // by the time we hit the second window, we hope.
-        puts("__Vm_profile_cycle_start = VL_RDTSC_Q();\n");
-        // "* 2" as first half is warmup, second half is collection
-        puts("__Vm_profile_window_ct = vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsWindow() * 2 "
-             "+ "
-             "1;\n");
-        puts("}\n");
-        puts("--__Vm_profile_window_ct;\n");
-        puts("if (__Vm_profile_window_ct == vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsWindow()) "
-             "{\n");
-        // This barrier record in every threads' profile demarcates the
-        // cache-warm-up cycles before the barrier from the actual profile
-        // cycles afterward.
-        puts("__Vm_threadPoolp->profileAppendAll(");
-        puts("VlProfileRec(VlProfileRec::Barrier()));\n");
-        puts("__Vm_profile_cycle_start = VL_RDTSC_Q();\n");
-        puts("}\n");
-        puts("else if (__Vm_profile_window_ct == 0) {\n");
-        // Ending file.
-        puts("vluint64_t elapsed = VL_RDTSC_Q() - __Vm_profile_cycle_start;\n");
-        puts("__Vm_threadPoolp->profileDump(vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsFilename()."
-             "c_str(), elapsed);\n");
-        // This turns off the test to enter the profiling code, but still
-        // allows the user to collect another profile by changing
-        // profThreadsStart
-        puts("__Vm_profile_time_finished = vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsStart();\n");
-        puts("__Vm_profile_cycle_start = 0;\n");
-        puts("}\n");
-        puts("}\n");
-    }
-
-    emitSettleLoop(/* initial: */ false);
-    if (v3Global.opt.threads() == 1) {
-        puts("Verilated::endOfThreadMTask(vlSymsp->__Vm_evalMsgQp);\n");
-    }
-    if (v3Global.opt.threads()) puts("Verilated::endOfEval(vlSymsp->__Vm_evalMsgQp);\n");
-    puts("}\n");
-    splitSizeInc(10);
-
-    // ::eval_end_step
-    if (v3Global.needTraceDumper() && !optSystemC()) {
-        puts("\nvoid " + topClassName() + "::eval_end_step() {\n");
-        puts("VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF(\"+eval_end_step " + topClassName()
-             + "::eval_end_step\\n\"); );\n");
-        puts("#ifdef VM_TRACE\n");
-        putsDecoration("// Tracing\n");
-        // SystemC's eval loop deals with calling trace, not us
-        puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY(vlSymsp->__Vm_dumping)) _traceDump();\n");
-        puts("#endif  // VM_TRACE\n");
-        puts("}\n");
-        splitSizeInc(10);
-    }
-
-    // ::final
-    puts("\nvoid " + topClassName() + "::final() {\n");
-    puts(topClassName() + "__" + protect("_final") + "(this);\n");
-    puts("}\n");
-    splitSizeInc(10);
-}
-
-void EmitCImp::emitThreadingState() {
-    ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // Accessed from loose function
-    AstExecGraph* execGraphp = v3Global.rootp()->execGraphp();
-    UASSERT_OBJ(execGraphp, v3Global.rootp(), "Root should have an execGraphp");
-
-    puts("VlThreadPool* __Vm_threadPoolp;\n");
-    puts("bool __Vm_even_cycle;\n");
-
-    if (v3Global.opt.profThreads()) {
-        // rdtsc() at current cycle start
-        puts("vluint64_t __Vm_profile_cycle_start = 0;\n");
-        // Time we finished analysis
-        puts("vluint64_t __Vm_profile_time_finished = 0;\n");
-        // Track our position in the cache warmup and actual profile window
-        puts("vluint32_t __Vm_profile_window_ct = 0;\n");
-    }
-}
-
 void EmitCImp::emitIntTop(const AstNodeModule* modp) {
     // Always have this first; gcc has short circuiting if #ifdef is first in a file
     ofp()->putsGuard();
@@ -729,11 +458,6 @@ void EmitCImp::emitIntTop(const AstNodeModule* modp) {
     if (v3Global.opt.mtasks()) puts("#include \"verilated_threads.h\"\n");
     if (v3Global.opt.savable()) puts("#include \"verilated_save.h\"\n");
     if (v3Global.opt.coverage()) puts("#include \"verilated_cov.h\"\n");
-    if (v3Global.dpi() && modp->isTop()) {
-        // do this before including our main .h file so that any references to
-        // types defined in svdpi.h are available
-        puts("#include \"svdpi.h\"\n");
-    }
 }
 
 void EmitCImp::emitInt(AstNodeModule* modp) {
@@ -759,8 +483,6 @@ void EmitCImp::emitInt(AstNodeModule* modp) {
         if (classp->extendsp())
             puts(" : public " + prefixNameProtect(classp->extendsp()->classp()));
         puts(" {\n");
-    } else if (optSystemC() && modp->isTop()) {
-        puts("SC_MODULE(" + prefixNameProtect(modp) + ") {\n");
     } else {
         puts("VL_MODULE(" + prefixNameProtect(modp) + ") {\n");
     }
@@ -774,10 +496,6 @@ void EmitCImp::emitInt(AstNodeModule* modp) {
                 if (!did) {
                     did = true;
                     putsDecoration("// CELLS\n");
-                    if (modp->isTop()) {
-                        puts("// Public to allow access to /*verilator_public*/ items;\n");
-                        puts("// otherwise the application code can consider these internals.\n");
-                    }
                 }
                 puts(prefixNameProtect(cellp->modp()) + "* " + cellp->nameProtect() + ";\n");
             }
@@ -788,35 +506,23 @@ void EmitCImp::emitInt(AstNodeModule* modp) {
 
     string section;
     section = "\n// PORTS\n";
-    if (modp->isTop()) {
-        section += ("// The application code writes and reads these signals to\n"
-                    "// propagate new values into/out from the Verilated model.\n");
-    }
     emitVarList(modp->stmtsp(), EVL_CLASS_IO, "", section /*ref*/);
 
     section = "\n// LOCAL SIGNALS\n";
-    if (modp->isTop()) section += "// Internals; generally not touched by application code\n";
     emitVarList(modp->stmtsp(), EVL_CLASS_SIG, "", section /*ref*/);
 
     section = "\n// LOCAL VARIABLES\n";
-    if (modp->isTop()) section += "// Internals; generally not touched by application code\n";
     emitVarList(modp->stmtsp(), EVL_CLASS_TEMP, "", section /*ref*/);
 
     puts("\n// INTERNAL VARIABLES\n");
-    if (modp->isTop()) puts("// Internals; generally not touched by application code\n");
     if (!VN_IS(modp, Class)) {  // Avoid clang unused error (& don't want in every object)
         ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public: so loose methods can pick it up
         puts(symClassName() + "* vlSymsp;  // Symbol table\n");
     }
     ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
-    if (modp->isTop()) {
-        if (v3Global.opt.mtasks()) emitThreadingState();
-    }
     emitCoverageDecl(modp);  // may flip public/private
 
     section = "\n// PARAMETERS\n";
-    if (modp->isTop())
-        section += "// Parameters marked /*verilator public*/ for use by application code\n";
     ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
     emitVarList(modp->stmtsp(), EVL_CLASS_PAR, "",
                 section /*ref*/);  // Only those that are non-CONST
@@ -833,98 +539,15 @@ void EmitCImp::emitInt(AstNodeModule* modp) {
 
     if (VN_IS(modp, Class)) {
         // CFuncs with isConstructor/isDestructor used instead
-    } else if (optSystemC() && modp->isTop()) {
-        ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
-        puts("SC_CTOR(" + prefixNameProtect(modp) + ");\n");
-        puts("virtual ~" + prefixNameProtect(modp) + "();\n");
-    } else if (optSystemC()) {
-        ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
-        puts(prefixNameProtect(modp) + "(const char* __VCname = \"\");\n");
-        puts("~" + prefixNameProtect(modp) + "();\n");
     } else {
         ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
-        if (modp->isTop()) {
-            puts("/// Construct the model; called by application code\n");
-            puts("/// If contextp is null, then the model will use the default global context\n");
-            puts("/// If name is \"\", then makes a wrapper with a\n");
-            puts("/// single model invisible with respect to DPI scope names.\n");
-            puts(prefixNameProtect(modp) + "(VerilatedContext* contextp,"
-                 + " const char* name = \"TOP\");\n");
-            puts(prefixNameProtect(modp) + "(const char* name = \"TOP\")\n");
-            puts("    : " + prefixNameProtect(modp) + "(nullptr, name) {}\n");
-        } else {
-            if (VN_IS(modp, Class)) {
-                // TODO move all constructor definition to e.g. V3CUse
-                puts(prefixNameProtect(modp) + "();\n");
-            } else {
-                puts(prefixNameProtect(modp) + "(const char* name = \"TOP\");\n");
-            }
-        }
-        if (modp->isTop()) {
-            puts("/// Destroy the model; called (often implicitly) by application code\n");
-        }
+        puts(prefixNameProtect(modp) + "(const char* name);\n");
         puts("~" + prefixNameProtect(modp) + "();\n");
     }
 
-    if (v3Global.opt.trace() && modp->isTop()) {
-        puts("/// Trace signals in the model; called by application code\n");
-        puts("void trace(" + v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()
-             + "C* tfp, int levels, int options = 0);\n");
-        if (optSystemC()) {
-            puts("/// SC tracing; avoid overloaded virtual function lint warning\n");
-            puts("virtual void trace(sc_trace_file* tfp) const override { "
-                 "::sc_core::sc_module::trace(tfp); }\n");
-        }
-    }
-
     emitTextSection(AstType::atScInt);
 
-    if (modp->isTop()) {
-        puts("\n// API METHODS\n");
-        puts("/// Return current simulation context for this model.\n");
-        puts("/// Used to get to e.g. simulation time via contextp()->time()\n");
-        puts("VerilatedContext* contextp() const;\n");
-
-        string callEvalEndStep
-            = (v3Global.needTraceDumper() && !optSystemC()) ? "eval_end_step(); " : "";
-        if (optSystemC()) {
-            ofp()->putsPrivate(true);  ///< eval() is invoked by our sensitive() calls.
-        }
-        if (!optSystemC()) {
-            puts("/// Evaluate the model.  Application must call when inputs change.\n");
-        }
-        puts("void eval() { eval_step(); " + callEvalEndStep + "}\n");
-        if (!optSystemC()) {
-            puts("/// Evaluate when calling multiple units/models per time step.\n");
-        }
-        puts("void eval_step();\n");
-        if (!optSystemC()) {
-            puts("/// Evaluate at end of a timestep for tracing, when using eval_step().\n");
-            puts("/// Application must call after all eval() and before time changes.\n");
-            puts("void eval_end_step()");
-            if (callEvalEndStep == "") {
-                puts(" {}\n");
-            } else {
-                puts(";\n");
-            }
-        }
-        ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
-        if (!optSystemC()) {
-            puts("/// Simulation complete, run final blocks.  Application "
-                 "must call on completion.\n");
-        }
-        puts("void final();\n");
-    }
-
     puts("\n// INTERNAL METHODS\n");
-    if (modp->isTop()) {
-        ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public: as accessed by loose functions
-        if (v3Global.needTraceDumper()) {
-            if (!optSystemC()) puts("void _traceDump();\n");
-            puts("void _traceDumpOpen();\n");
-            puts("void _traceDumpClose();\n");
-        }
-    }
 
     if (!VN_IS(modp, Class)) {
         ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
@@ -946,17 +569,6 @@ void EmitCImp::emitInt(AstNodeModule* modp) {
 
     puts("\n//----------\n\n");
     emitIntFuncDecls(modp, false);
-
-    // Save/restore
-    if (v3Global.opt.savable() && modp->isTop()) {
-        puts("\n");
-        puts("inline VerilatedSerialize& operator<<(VerilatedSerialize& os, "
-             + prefixNameProtect(modp) + "& rhs) {\n"  //
-             + "Verilated::quiesce(); rhs." + protect("__Vserialize") + "(os); return os; }\n");
-        puts("inline VerilatedDeserialize& operator>>(VerilatedDeserialize& os, "
-             + prefixNameProtect(modp) + "& rhs) {\n"  //
-             + "Verilated::quiesce(); rhs." + protect("__Vdeserialize") + "(os); return os; }\n");
-    }
 }
 
 //----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -989,13 +601,7 @@ void EmitCImp::emitImp(AstNodeModule* modp) {
         emitCoverageImp(modp);
     }
 
-    if (m_fast) {
-        emitTextSection(AstType::atScImp);
-        if (modp->isTop()) {
-            emitWrapFast();
-            emitWrapEval();
-        }
-    }
+    if (m_fast) { emitTextSection(AstType::atScImp); }
 
     // Blocks
     for (AstNode* nodep = modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
@@ -1111,78 +717,6 @@ class EmitCTrace final : EmitCFunc {
         puts("\n");
     }
 
-    void emitTraceSlow() {
-        puts("\n//======================\n");
-
-        if (v3Global.needTraceDumper() && !optSystemC()) {
-            puts("\nvoid " + topClassName() + "::_traceDump() {\n");
-            // Caller checked for __Vm_dumperp non-nullptr
-            puts("const VerilatedLockGuard lock(vlSymsp->__Vm_dumperMutex);\n");
-            puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_dumperp->dump(VL_TIME_Q());\n");
-            puts("}\n");
-            splitSizeInc(10);
-        }
-
-        if (v3Global.needTraceDumper()) {
-            puts("\nvoid " + topClassName() + "::_traceDumpOpen() {\n");
-            puts("const VerilatedLockGuard lock(vlSymsp->__Vm_dumperMutex);\n");
-            puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY(!vlSymsp->__Vm_dumperp)) {\n");
-            puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_dumperp = new " + v3Global.opt.traceClassLang() + "();\n");
-            puts("trace(vlSymsp->__Vm_dumperp, 0, 0);\n");
-            puts("std::string dumpfile = vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->dumpfileCheck();\n");
-            puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_dumperp->open(dumpfile.c_str());\n");
-            puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_dumping = true;\n");
-            puts("}\n");
-            puts("}\n");
-            splitSizeInc(10);
-
-            puts("\nvoid " + topClassName() + "::_traceDumpClose() {\n");
-            puts("const VerilatedLockGuard lock(vlSymsp->__Vm_dumperMutex);\n");
-            puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_dumping = false;\n");
-            puts("VL_DO_CLEAR(delete vlSymsp->__Vm_dumperp, vlSymsp->__Vm_dumperp = "
-                 "nullptr);\n");
-            puts("}\n");
-            splitSizeInc(10);
-        }
-
-        puts("\n");
-        m_lazyDecls.emit("void " + topClassName() + "__", protect("traceInitTop"),
-                         "(" + topClassName() + "* vlSelf, " + v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()
-                             + "* tracep);");
-
-        puts("\nstatic void " + protect("traceInit") + "(void* voidSelf, "
-             + v3Global.opt.traceClassBase() + "* tracep, uint32_t code) {\n");
-        putsDecoration("// Callback from tracep->open()\n");
-        puts(topClassName() + "*const __restrict vlSelf = static_cast<" + topClassName()
-             + "*>(voidSelf);\n");
-        puts("if (!vlSelf->vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->calcUnusedSigs()) {\n");
-        puts("VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__, __LINE__, __FILE__,\n");
-        puts("            \"Turning on wave traces requires Verilated::traceEverOn(true) call "
-             "before time 0.\");\n");
-        puts("}\n");
-        puts("vlSelf->vlSymsp->__Vm_baseCode = code;\n");
-        puts("tracep->module(vlSelf->vlSymsp->name());\n");
-        puts("tracep->scopeEscape(' ');\n");
-        puts(topClassName() + "__" + protect("traceInitTop") + "(vlSelf, tracep);\n");
-        puts("tracep->scopeEscape('.');\n");  // Restore so later traced files won't break
-        puts("}\n");
-        splitSizeInc(10);
-
-        puts("\n");
-        m_lazyDecls.emit("void " + topClassName() + "__", protect("traceRegister"),
-                         "(" + topClassName() + "* vlSelf, " + v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()
-                             + "* tracep);");
-
-        puts("\nvoid " + topClassName() + "::trace(");
-        puts(v3Global.opt.traceClassBase() + "C* tfp, int, int) {\n");
-        puts("tfp->spTrace()->addInitCb(&" + protect("traceInit") + ", this);\n");
-        puts(topClassName() + "__" + protect("traceRegister") + "(this, tfp->spTrace());\n");
-        puts("}\n");
-        splitSizeInc(10);
-
-        puts("\n//======================\n\n");
-    }
-
     bool emitTraceIsScBv(AstTraceInc* nodep) {
         const AstVarRef* varrefp = VN_CAST(nodep->declp()->valuep(), VarRef);
         if (!varrefp) return false;
@@ -1528,8 +1062,6 @@ public:
         // Put out the file
         newOutCFile(0);
 
-        if (m_slow) emitTraceSlow();
-
         iterate(v3Global.rootp());
 
         VL_DO_CLEAR(delete m_ofp, m_ofp = nullptr);

src/V3EmitC.h

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ public:
     static void emitc();
     static void emitcConstPool();
     static void emitcInlines();
+    static void emitcModel();
     static void emitcSyms(bool dpiHdrOnly = false);
     static void emitcTrace();
     static void emitcFiles();

src/V3EmitCBase.cpp

@@ -86,7 +86,13 @@ void EmitCBaseVisitor::emitCFuncHeader(const AstCFunc* funcp, const AstNodeModul
         puts(funcp->rtnTypeVoid());
         puts(" ");
     }
-    if (withScope && funcp->isProperMethod()) puts(prefixNameProtect(modp) + "::");
+    if (withScope) {
+        if (funcp->dpiExportDispatcher()) {
+            puts(topClassName() + "::");
+        } else if (funcp->isProperMethod()) {
+            puts(prefixNameProtect(modp) + "::");
+        }
+    }
     puts(funcNameProtect(funcp, modp));
     puts("(" + cFuncArgs(funcp) + ")");
     if (funcp->isConst().trueKnown() && funcp->isProperMethod()) puts(" const");
@@ -108,8 +114,9 @@ void EmitCBaseVisitor::emitCFuncDecl(const AstCFunc* funcp, const AstNodeModule*
     if (!funcp->ifdef().empty()) puts("#endif  // " + funcp->ifdef() + "\n");
 }
 
-void EmitCBaseVisitor::emitVarDecl(const AstVar* nodep, const string& prefixIfImp) {
+void EmitCBaseVisitor::emitVarDecl(const AstVar* nodep, const string& prefixIfImp, bool asRef) {
     const AstBasicDType* const basicp = nodep->basicp();
+    bool refNeedParens = VN_IS(nodep->dtypeSkipRefp(), UnpackArrayDType);
 
     const auto emitDeclArrayBrackets = [this](const AstVar* nodep) -> void {
         // This isn't very robust and may need cleanup for other data types
@@ -137,7 +144,12 @@ void EmitCBaseVisitor::emitVarDecl(const AstVar* nodep, const string& prefixIfIm
             puts(nodep->scType());
             puts("> ");
         }
+        if (asRef) {
+            if (refNeedParens) puts("(");
+            puts("&");
+        }
         puts(nodep->nameProtect());
+        if (asRef && refNeedParens) { puts(")"); }
         emitDeclArrayBrackets(nodep);
         puts(";\n");
     } else if (nodep->isIO() && basicp && !basicp->isOpaque()) {
@@ -159,9 +171,16 @@ void EmitCBaseVisitor::emitVarDecl(const AstVar* nodep, const string& prefixIfIm
             puts("16");
         } else if (nodep->isWide()) {
             puts("W");
+            refNeedParens = true;
         }
 
-        puts("(" + nodep->nameProtect());
+        puts("(");
+        if (asRef) {
+            if (refNeedParens) puts("(");
+            puts("&");
+        }
+        puts(nodep->nameProtect());
+        if (asRef && refNeedParens) { puts(")"); }
         emitDeclArrayBrackets(nodep);
         // If it's a packed struct/array then nodep->width is the whole
         // thing, msb/lsb is just lowest dimension
@@ -180,7 +199,7 @@ void EmitCBaseVisitor::emitVarDecl(const AstVar* nodep, const string& prefixIfIm
                                   && name.substr(name.size() - suffix.size()) == suffix;
             if (beStatic) puts("static VL_THREAD_LOCAL ");
         }
-        puts(nodep->vlArgType(true, false, false, prefixIfImp));
+        puts(nodep->vlArgType(true, false, false, prefixIfImp, asRef));
         puts(";\n");
     }
 }

src/V3EmitCBase.h

@@ -53,9 +53,10 @@ public:
         return VIdProtect::protectWordsIf(name, doIt);
     }
     static string ifNoProtect(const string& in) { return v3Global.opt.protectIds() ? "" : in; }
-    static string voidSelfAssign() {
-        return topClassName() + "* const __restrict vlSelf VL_ATTR_UNUSED = static_cast<"
-               + topClassName() + "*>(voidSelf);\n";
+    static string voidSelfAssign(const AstNodeModule* modp) {
+        const string className = prefixNameProtect(modp);
+        return className + "* const __restrict vlSelf VL_ATTR_UNUSED = static_cast<" + className
+               + "*>(voidSelf);\n";
     }
     static string symClassName() { return v3Global.opt.prefix() + "_" + protect("_Syms"); }
     static string symClassVar() { return symClassName() + "* __restrict vlSymsp"; }
@@ -64,12 +65,7 @@ public:
     }
     static string funcNameProtect(const AstCFunc* nodep, const AstNodeModule* modp = nullptr);
     static string prefixNameProtect(const AstNode* nodep) {  // C++ name with prefix
-        const AstNodeModule* modp = VN_CAST_CONST(nodep, NodeModule);
-        if (modp && modp->isTop()) {
-            return topClassName();
-        } else {
-            return v3Global.opt.modPrefix() + "_" + protect(nodep->name());
-        }
+        return v3Global.opt.modPrefix() + "_" + protect(nodep->name());
     }
     static string topClassName() {  // Return name of top wrapper module
         return v3Global.opt.prefix();
@@ -83,7 +79,7 @@ public:
     string cFuncArgs(const AstCFunc* nodep);
     void emitCFuncHeader(const AstCFunc* funcp, const AstNodeModule* modp, bool withScope);
     void emitCFuncDecl(const AstCFunc* funcp, const AstNodeModule* modp, bool cLinkage = false);
-    void emitVarDecl(const AstVar* nodep, const string& prefixIfImp);
+    void emitVarDecl(const AstVar* nodep, const string& prefixIfImp, bool asRef = false);
     void emitModCUse(AstNodeModule* modp, VUseType useType);
 
     // CONSTRUCTORS

src/V3EmitCFunc.cpp

@@ -701,31 +701,6 @@ void EmitCFunc::emitSortedVarList(const VarVec& anons, const VarVec& nonanons,
     }
 }
 
-void EmitCFunc::emitIntFuncDecls(AstNodeModule* modp, bool inClassBody) {
-    std::vector<const AstCFunc*> funcsp;
-
-    for (AstNode* nodep = modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
-        if (const AstCFunc* funcp = VN_CAST(nodep, CFunc)) {
-            if (funcp->dpiImportPrototype())  // DPI import prototypes are declared in __Dpi.h
-                continue;
-            if (funcp->isMethod() != inClassBody)  // Only methods go inside class
-                continue;
-            if (funcp->isMethod() && funcp->isLoose())  // Loose methods are declared lazily
-                continue;
-            funcsp.push_back(funcp);
-        }
-    }
-
-    stable_sort(funcsp.begin(), funcsp.end(), [](const AstNode* ap, const AstNode* bp) {  //
-        return ap->name() < bp->name();
-    });
-
-    for (const AstCFunc* funcp : funcsp) {
-        if (inClassBody) ofp()->putsPrivate(funcp->declPrivate());
-        emitCFuncDecl(funcp, modp);
-    }
-}
-
 void EmitCFunc::emitCCallArgs(AstNodeCCall* nodep) {
     bool comma = false;
     if (nodep->funcp()->isLoose() && !nodep->funcp()->isStatic()) {

src/V3EmitCFunc.h

@@ -188,7 +188,6 @@ public:
     }
     void emitOpName(AstNode* nodep, const string& format, AstNode* lhsp, AstNode* rhsp,
                     AstNode* thsp);
-    void emitIntFuncDecls(AstNodeModule* modp, bool inClassBody);
     void emitCCallArgs(AstNodeCCall* nodep);
     void emitDereference(const string& pointer);
     void emitCvtPackStr(AstNode* nodep);
@@ -514,7 +513,7 @@ public:
         case VDumpCtlType::VARS:
             // We ignore number of levels to dump in exprp()
             if (v3Global.opt.trace()) {
-                puts("vlSymsp->TOPp->_traceDumpOpen();\n");
+                puts("vlSymsp->_traceDumpOpen();\n");
             } else {
                 puts("VL_PRINTF_MT(\"-Info: ");
                 puts(protect(nodep->fileline()->filename()));

src/V3EmitCModel.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
+// -*- mode: C++; c-file-style: "cc-mode" -*-
+//*************************************************************************
+// DESCRIPTION: Verilator: Emit C++ for model entry point class
+//
+// Code available from: https://verilator.org
+//
+//*************************************************************************
+//
+// Copyright 2003-2021 by Wilson Snyder. This program is free software; you
+// can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU
+// Lesser General Public License Version 3 or the Perl Artistic License
+// Version 2.0.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-only OR Artistic-2.0
+//
+//*************************************************************************
+
+#include "config_build.h"
+#include "verilatedos.h"
+
+#include "V3Global.h"
+#include "V3EmitC.h"
+#include "V3EmitCFunc.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <vector>
+
+class EmitCModel final : public EmitCFunc {
+
+    // METHODS
+    VL_DEBUG_FUNC;
+
+    void putSectionDelimiter(const string& name) {
+        puts("\n");
+        puts("//============================================================\n");
+        puts("// " + name + "\n");
+    }
+
+    void emitHeader(AstNodeModule* modp) {
+        UASSERT(!m_ofp, "Output file should not be open");
+
+        const string filename = v3Global.opt.makeDir() + "/" + topClassName() + ".h";
+        newCFile(filename, /* slow: */ false, /* source: */ false);
+        m_ofp = v3Global.opt.systemC() ? new V3OutScFile(filename) : new V3OutCFile(filename);
+
+        ofp()->putsHeader();
+        puts("// DESCRIPTION: Verilator output: Primary model header\n");
+        puts("//\n");
+        puts("// This header should be included by all source files instantiating the design.\n");
+        puts("// The class here is then constructed to instantiate the design.\n");
+        puts("// See the Verilator manual for examples.\n");
+
+        ofp()->putsGuard();
+
+        // Include files
+        puts("\n");
+        ofp()->putsIntTopInclude();
+        if (v3Global.needHeavy()) {
+            puts("#include \"verilated_heavy.h\"\n");
+        } else {
+            puts("#include \"verilated.h\"\n");
+        }
+        if (v3Global.opt.mtasks()) puts("#include \"verilated_threads.h\"\n");
+        if (v3Global.opt.savable()) puts("#include \"verilated_save.h\"\n");
+        if (v3Global.opt.coverage()) puts("#include \"verilated_cov.h\"\n");
+        if (v3Global.dpi()) puts("#include \"svdpi.h\"\n");
+
+        // Declare foreign instances up front to make C++ happy
+        puts("\n");
+        puts("class " + symClassName() + ";\n");
+        puts("class " + prefixNameProtect(modp) + ";\n");  // For rootp pointer only
+        if (v3Global.opt.trace()) puts("class " + v3Global.opt.traceClassLang() + ";\n");
+        emitModCUse(modp, VUseType::INT_FWD_CLASS);  // Note: This is needed for cell forwarding
+
+        puts("\n");
+
+        puts("// This class is the main interface to the Verilated model\n");
+        if (optSystemC()) {
+            puts("SC_MODULE(" + topClassName() + ") {\n");
+        } else {
+            puts("class " + topClassName() + " VL_NOT_FINAL {\n");
+        }
+        ofp()->resetPrivate();
+        ofp()->putsPrivate(true);  // private:
+
+        puts("// Symbol table holding complete model state (owned by this class)\n");
+        puts(symClassName() + "* const vlSymsp;\n");
+
+        puts("\n");
+        ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
+        // User accessible IO
+        puts("\n// PORTS\n"
+             "// The application code writes and reads these signals to\n"
+             "// propagate new values into/out from the Verilated model.\n");
+        for (const AstNode* nodep = modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
+            if (const AstVar* const varp = VN_CAST_CONST(nodep, Var)) {
+                if (varp->isPrimaryIO()) {  //
+                    emitVarDecl(varp, "", /* asRef: */ true);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Cells instantiated by the top level (for access to /* verilator public */)
+        puts("\n// CELLS\n"
+             "// Public to allow access to /* verilator public */ items.\n"
+             "// Otherwise the application code can consider these internals.\n");
+        for (AstNode* nodep = modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
+            if (const AstCell* const cellp = VN_CAST_CONST(nodep, Cell)) {
+                puts(prefixNameProtect(cellp->modp()) + "* const " + cellp->nameProtect() + ";\n");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // root instance pointer (for access to internals, including public_flat items).
+        puts("\n// Root instance pointer to allow access to model internals,\n"
+             "// including inlined /* verilator public_flat_* */ items.\n");
+        puts(prefixNameProtect(modp) + "* const rootp;\n");
+
+        puts("\n");
+        ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
+        puts("// CONSTRUCTORS\n");
+        if (optSystemC()) {
+            puts("SC_CTOR(" + topClassName() + ");\n");
+            puts("virtual ~" + topClassName() + "();\n");
+        } else {
+            puts("/// Construct the model; called by application code\n");
+            puts("/// If contextp is null, then the model will use the default global "
+                 "context\n");
+            puts("/// If name is \"\", then makes a wrapper with a\n");
+            puts("/// single model invisible with respect to DPI scope names.\n");
+            puts("explicit " + topClassName() + "(VerilatedContext* contextp,"
+                 + " const char* name = \"TOP\");\n");
+            puts("explicit " + topClassName() + "(const char* name = \"TOP\");\n");
+            puts("/// Destroy the model; called (often implicitly) by application code\n");
+            puts("virtual ~" + topClassName() + "();\n");
+        }
+        ofp()->putsPrivate(true);
+        puts("VL_UNCOPYABLE(" + topClassName() + ");  ///< Copying not allowed\n");
+
+        puts("\n");
+        ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
+        puts("// API METHODS\n");
+        string callEvalEndStep
+            = (v3Global.needTraceDumper() && !optSystemC()) ? "eval_end_step(); " : "";
+        if (optSystemC()) {
+            ofp()->putsPrivate(true);  ///< eval() is invoked by our sensitive() calls.
+        }
+        if (!optSystemC()) {
+            puts("/// Evaluate the model.  Application must call when inputs change.\n");
+        }
+        puts("void eval() { eval_step(); " + callEvalEndStep + "}\n");
+        if (!optSystemC()) {
+            puts("/// Evaluate when calling multiple units/models per time step.\n");
+        }
+        puts("void eval_step();\n");
+        if (!optSystemC()) {
+            puts("/// Evaluate at end of a timestep for tracing, when using eval_step().\n");
+            puts("/// Application must call after all eval() and before time changes.\n");
+            puts("void eval_end_step()");
+            if (callEvalEndStep == "") {
+                puts(" {}\n");
+            } else {
+                puts(";\n");
+            }
+        }
+        if (!optSystemC()) {
+            puts("/// Simulation complete, run final blocks.  Application "
+                 "must call on completion.\n");
+        }
+        ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
+        puts("void final();\n");
+
+        if (v3Global.opt.trace()) {
+            puts("/// Trace signals in the model; called by application code\n");
+            puts("void trace(" + v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()
+                 + "C* tfp, int levels, int options = 0);\n");
+            if (optSystemC()) {
+                puts("/// SC tracing; avoid overloaded virtual function lint warning\n");
+                puts("virtual void trace(sc_trace_file* tfp) const override { "
+                     "::sc_core::sc_module::trace(tfp); }\n");
+            }
+        }
+
+        puts("/// Return current simulation context for this model.\n");
+        puts("/// Used to get to e.g. simulation time via contextp()->time()\n");
+        puts("VerilatedContext* contextp() const;\n");
+        if (!optSystemC()) {
+            puts("/// Retrieve name of this model instance (as passed to constructor).\n");
+            puts("const char* name() const;\n");
+        }
+
+        // Emit DPI export dispatcher declarations
+        {
+            std::vector<const AstCFunc*> funcps;
+
+            for (AstNode* nodep = modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
+                if (const AstCFunc* funcp = VN_CAST(nodep, CFunc)) {
+                    if (!funcp->dpiExportDispatcher()) continue;
+                    funcps.push_back(funcp);
+                }
+            }
+
+            stable_sort(funcps.begin(), funcps.end(), [](const AstNode* ap, const AstNode* bp) {
+                return ap->name() < bp->name();
+            });
+
+            if (!funcps.empty()) {
+                puts("\n/// DPI Export functions\n");
+                for (const AstCFunc* funcp : funcps) { emitCFuncDecl(funcp, modp); }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (v3Global.opt.savable()) {
+            puts("\n");
+            puts("// Serialization functions\n");
+            puts("friend VerilatedSerialize& operator<<(VerilatedSerialize& os, "  //
+                 + topClassName() + "& rhs);\n");
+            puts("friend VerilatedDeserialize& operator>>(VerilatedDeserialize& os, "
+                 + topClassName() + "& rhs);\n");
+        }
+
+        puts("} VL_ATTR_ALIGNED(VL_CACHE_LINE_BYTES);\n");
+
+        ofp()->putsEndGuard();
+
+        VL_DO_CLEAR(delete m_ofp, m_ofp = nullptr);
+    }
+
+    void emitConstructorImplementation(AstNodeModule* modp) {
+        putSectionDelimiter("Constructors");
+
+        puts("\n");
+        puts(topClassName() + "::" + topClassName());
+        if (optSystemC()) {
+            puts("(sc_module_name /* unused */)\n");
+            puts("    : vlSymsp{new " + symClassName() + "(nullptr, name(), this)}\n");
+        } else {
+            puts(+"(VerilatedContext* _vcontextp__, const char* _vcname__)\n");
+            puts("    : vlSymsp{new " + symClassName() + "(_vcontextp__, _vcname__, this)}\n");
+        }
+
+        // Set up IO references
+        for (const AstNode* nodep = modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
+            if (const AstVar* const varp = VN_CAST_CONST(nodep, Var)) {
+                if (varp->isPrimaryIO()) {
+                    const string protName = varp->nameProtect();
+                    puts("    , " + protName + "{vlSymsp->TOP." + protName + "}\n");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Setup cell pointers
+        for (AstNode* nodep = modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
+            if (const AstCell* const cellp = VN_CAST_CONST(nodep, Cell)) {
+                const string protName = cellp->nameProtect();
+                puts("    , " + protName + "{vlSymsp->TOP." + protName + "}\n");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Setup rootp root instance pointer,
+        puts("    , rootp{&(vlSymsp->TOP)}\n");
+
+        puts("{\n");
+
+        if (optSystemC()) {
+            // Create sensitivity list for when to evaluate the model.
+            putsDecoration("// Sensitivities on all clocks and combinational inputs\n");
+            puts("SC_METHOD(eval);\n");
+            for (AstNode* nodep = modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
+                if (const AstVar* const varp = VN_CAST(nodep, Var)) {
+                    if (varp->isNonOutput() && (varp->isScSensitive() || varp->isUsedClock())) {
+                        int vects = 0;
+                        // This isn't very robust and may need cleanup for other data types
+                        for (AstUnpackArrayDType* arrayp
+                             = VN_CAST(varp->dtypeSkipRefp(), UnpackArrayDType);
+                             arrayp;
+                             arrayp = VN_CAST(arrayp->subDTypep()->skipRefp(), UnpackArrayDType)) {
+                            const int vecnum = vects++;
+                            UASSERT_OBJ(arrayp->hi() >= arrayp->lo(), varp,
+                                        "Should have swapped msb & lsb earlier.");
+                            const string ivar = string("__Vi") + cvtToStr(vecnum);
+                            puts("for (int __Vi" + cvtToStr(vecnum) + "="
+                                 + cvtToStr(arrayp->lo()));
+                            puts("; " + ivar + "<=" + cvtToStr(arrayp->hi()));
+                            puts("; ++" + ivar + ") {\n");
+                        }
+                        puts("sensitive << " + varp->nameProtect());
+                        for (int v = 0; v < vects; ++v) puts("[__Vi" + cvtToStr(v) + "]");
+                        puts(";\n");
+                        for (int v = 0; v < vects; ++v) puts("}\n");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            puts("\n");
+        }
+
+        puts("}\n");
+
+        if (!optSystemC()) {
+            puts("\n");
+            puts(topClassName() + "::" + topClassName() + "(const char* _vcname__)\n");
+            puts("    : " + topClassName() + "(nullptr, _vcname__)\n{\n}\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void emitDestructorImplementation() {
+        putSectionDelimiter("Destructor");
+
+        puts("\n");
+        puts(topClassName() + "::~" + topClassName() + "() {\n");
+        puts("delete vlSymsp;\n");
+        puts("}\n");
+    }
+
+    void emitSettleLoop(AstNodeModule* modp, bool initial) {
+        const string topModNameProtected = prefixNameProtect(modp);
+
+        putsDecoration("// Evaluate till stable\n");
+        puts("int __VclockLoop = 0;\n");
+        puts("QData __Vchange = 1;\n");
+        if (v3Global.opt.trace()) puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_activity = true;\n");
+        puts("do {\n");
+        puts("VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF(\"+ ");
+        puts(initial ? "Initial" : "Clock");
+        puts(" loop\\n\"););\n");
+        if (initial)
+            puts(topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_eval_settle") + "(&(vlSymsp->TOP));\n");
+        puts(topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_eval") + "(&(vlSymsp->TOP));\n");
+        puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY(++__VclockLoop > " + cvtToStr(v3Global.opt.convergeLimit())
+             + ")) {\n");
+        puts("// About to fail, so enable debug to see what's not settling.\n");
+        puts("// Note you must run make with OPT=-DVL_DEBUG for debug prints.\n");
+        puts("int __Vsaved_debug = Verilated::debug();\n");
+        puts("Verilated::debug(1);\n");
+        puts("__Vchange = " + topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_change_request")
+             + "(&(vlSymsp->TOP));\n");
+        puts("Verilated::debug(__Vsaved_debug);\n");
+        puts("VL_FATAL_MT(");
+        putsQuoted(protect(modp->fileline()->filename()));
+        puts(", ");
+        puts(cvtToStr(modp->fileline()->lineno()));
+        puts(", \"\",\n");
+        puts("\"Verilated model didn't ");
+        if (initial) puts("DC ");
+        puts("converge\\n\"\n");
+        puts("\"- See https://verilator.org/warn/DIDNOTCONVERGE\");\n");
+        puts("} else {\n");
+        puts("__Vchange = " + topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_change_request")
+             + "(&(vlSymsp->TOP));\n");
+        puts("}\n");
+        puts("} while (VL_UNLIKELY(__Vchange));\n");
+    }
+
+    void emitStandardMethods(AstNodeModule* modp) {
+        UASSERT_OBJ(modp->isTop(), modp, "Attempting to emitWrapEval for non-top class");
+
+        const string topModNameProtected = prefixNameProtect(modp);
+        const string selfDecl = "(" + topModNameProtected + "* vlSelf)";
+
+        putSectionDelimiter("Evaluation loop");
+
+        // Forward declarations
+        puts("\n");
+        puts("void " + topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_eval_initial") + selfDecl + ";\n");
+        puts("void " + topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_eval_settle") + selfDecl + ";\n");
+        puts("void " + topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_eval") + selfDecl + ";\n");
+        puts("QData " + topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_change_request") + selfDecl
+             + ";\n");
+        puts("#ifdef VL_DEBUG\n");
+        puts("void " + topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_eval_debug_assertions") + selfDecl
+             + ";\n");
+        puts("#endif  // VL_DEBUG\n");
+        puts("void " + topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_final") + selfDecl + ";\n");
+
+        // _eval_initial_loop
+        puts("\nstatic void " + protect("_eval_initial_loop") + "(" + symClassVar() + ")"
+             + " {\n");
+        puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_didInit = true;\n");
+        puts(topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_eval_initial") + "(&(vlSymsp->TOP));\n");
+        emitSettleLoop(modp, /* initial: */ true);
+        ensureNewLine();
+        puts("}\n");
+
+        // ::eval_step
+        puts("\nvoid " + topClassName() + "::eval_step() {\n");
+        puts("VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF(\"+++++TOP Evaluate " + topClassName()
+             + "::eval_step\\n\"); );\n");
+        puts("#ifdef VL_DEBUG\n");
+        putsDecoration("// Debug assertions\n");
+        puts(topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_eval_debug_assertions")
+             + "(&(vlSymsp->TOP));\n");
+        puts("#endif  // VL_DEBUG\n");
+        putsDecoration("// Initialize\n");
+        puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY(!vlSymsp->__Vm_didInit)) " + protect("_eval_initial_loop")
+             + "(vlSymsp);\n");
+
+        if (v3Global.opt.threads() == 1) {
+            uint32_t mtaskId = 0;
+            putsDecoration("// MTask " + cvtToStr(mtaskId) + " start\n");
+            puts("VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF(\"MTask" + cvtToStr(mtaskId) + " starting\\n\"););\n");
+            puts("Verilated::mtaskId(" + cvtToStr(mtaskId) + ");\n");
+        }
+
+        if (v3Global.opt.mtasks() && v3Global.opt.profThreads()) {
+            puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY((vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsStart() != "
+                 "vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_time_finished)\n");
+            puts(" && (VL_TIME_Q() > vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsStart())\n");
+            puts(" && (vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsWindow() >= 1))) {\n");
+            // Within a profile (either starting, middle, or end)
+            puts("if (vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_window_ct == 0) {\n");  // Opening file?
+            // Start profile on this cycle. We'll capture a window worth, then
+            // only analyze the next window worth. The idea is that the first window
+            // capture will hit some cache-cold stuff (eg printf) but it'll be warm
+            // by the time we hit the second window, we hope.
+            puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_cycle_start = VL_RDTSC_Q();\n");
+            // "* 2" as first half is warmup, second half is collection
+            puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_window_ct = vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsWindow() "
+                 "* 2 "
+                 "+ "
+                 "1;\n");
+            puts("}\n");
+            puts("--(vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_window_ct);\n");
+            puts("if (vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_window_ct == "
+                 "vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsWindow()) {\n");
+            // This barrier record in every threads' profile demarcates the
+            // cache-warm-up cycles before the barrier from the actual profile
+            // cycles afterward.
+            puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_threadPoolp->profileAppendAll(");
+            puts("VlProfileRec(VlProfileRec::Barrier()));\n");
+            puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_cycle_start = VL_RDTSC_Q();\n");
+            puts("}\n");
+            puts("else if (vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_window_ct == 0) {\n");
+            // Ending file.
+            puts("vluint64_t elapsed = VL_RDTSC_Q() - vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_cycle_start;\n");
+            puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_threadPoolp->profileDump(vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->"
+                 "profThreadsFilename().c_str(), elapsed);\n");
+            // This turns off the test to enter the profiling code, but still
+            // allows the user to collect another profile by changing
+            // profThreadsStart
+            puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_time_finished = "
+                 "vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->profThreadsStart();\n");
+            puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_cycle_start = 0;\n");
+            puts("}\n");
+            puts("}\n");
+        }
+
+        emitSettleLoop(modp, /* initial: */ false);
+        if (v3Global.opt.threads() == 1) {
+            puts("Verilated::endOfThreadMTask(vlSymsp->__Vm_evalMsgQp);\n");
+        }
+        if (v3Global.opt.threads()) puts("Verilated::endOfEval(vlSymsp->__Vm_evalMsgQp);\n");
+        puts("}\n");
+
+        // ::eval_end_step
+        if (v3Global.needTraceDumper() && !optSystemC()) {
+            puts("\nvoid " + topClassName() + "::eval_end_step() {\n");
+            puts("VL_DEBUG_IF(VL_DBG_MSGF(\"+eval_end_step " + topClassName()
+                 + "::eval_end_step\\n\"); );\n");
+            puts("#ifdef VM_TRACE\n");
+            putsDecoration("// Tracing\n");
+            // SystemC's eval loop deals with calling trace, not us
+            puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY(vlSymsp->__Vm_dumping)) vlSymsp->_traceDump();\n");
+            puts("#endif  // VM_TRACE\n");
+            puts("}\n");
+        }
+
+        putSectionDelimiter("Invoke final blocks");
+        // ::final
+        puts("\nvoid " + topClassName() + "::final() {\n");
+        puts(topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("_final") + "(&(vlSymsp->TOP));\n");
+        puts("}\n");
+
+        putSectionDelimiter("Utilities");
+        // ::contextp
+        puts("\nVerilatedContext* " + topClassName() + "::contextp() const {\n");
+        puts(/**/ "return vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__;\n");
+        puts("}\n");
+
+        if (!optSystemC()) {
+            // ::name
+            puts("\nconst char* " + topClassName() + "::name() const {\n");
+            puts(/**/ "return vlSymsp->name();\n");
+            puts("}\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void emitTraceMethods(AstNodeModule* modp) {
+        const string topModNameProtected = prefixNameProtect(modp);
+
+        putSectionDelimiter("Trace configuration");
+
+        // Forward declaration
+        puts("\nvoid " + topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("traceInitTop") + "("
+             + topModNameProtected + "* vlSelf, " + v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()
+             + "* tracep);\n");
+
+        // Static helper function
+        puts("\nstatic void " + protect("traceInit") + "(void* voidSelf, "
+             + v3Global.opt.traceClassBase() + "* tracep, uint32_t code) {\n");
+        putsDecoration("// Callback from tracep->open()\n");
+        puts(voidSelfAssign(modp));
+        puts(symClassAssign());
+        puts("if (!vlSymsp->_vm_contextp__->calcUnusedSigs()) {\n");
+        puts("VL_FATAL_MT(__FILE__, __LINE__, __FILE__,\n");
+        puts("\"Turning on wave traces requires Verilated::traceEverOn(true) call before time "
+             "0.\");\n");
+        puts("}\n");
+        puts("vlSymsp->__Vm_baseCode = code;\n");
+        puts("tracep->module(vlSymsp->name());\n");
+        puts("tracep->scopeEscape(' ');\n");
+        puts(topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("traceInitTop") + "(vlSelf, tracep);\n");
+        puts("tracep->scopeEscape('.');\n");  // Restore so later traced files won't break
+        puts("}\n");
+
+        // Forward declaration
+        puts("\nvoid " + topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("traceRegister") + "("
+             + topModNameProtected + "* vlSelf, " + v3Global.opt.traceClassBase()
+             + "* tracep);\n");
+
+        // ::trace
+        puts("\nvoid " + topClassName() + "::trace(");
+        puts(v3Global.opt.traceClassBase() + "C* tfp, int, int) {\n");
+        puts("tfp->spTrace()->addInitCb(&" + protect("traceInit") + ", &(vlSymsp->TOP));\n");
+        puts(topModNameProtected + "__" + protect("traceRegister")
+             + "(&(vlSymsp->TOP), tfp->spTrace());\n");
+        puts("}\n");
+    }
+
+    void emitSerializationFunctions() {
+        putSectionDelimiter("Model serialization");
+
+        puts("\nVerilatedSerialize& operator<<(VerilatedSerialize& os, " + topClassName()
+             + "& rhs) {\n");
+        puts("Verilated::quiesce();\n");
+        puts("rhs.vlSymsp->" + protect("__Vserialize") + "(os);\n");
+        puts("return os;\n");
+        puts("}\n");
+
+        puts("\nVerilatedDeserialize& operator>>(VerilatedDeserialize& os, " + topClassName()
+             + "& rhs) {\n");
+        puts("Verilated::quiesce();\n");
+        puts("rhs.vlSymsp->" + protect("__Vdeserialize") + "(os);\n");
+        puts("return os;\n");
+        puts("}\n");
+    }
+
+    void emitImplementation(AstNodeModule* modp) {
+        UASSERT(!m_ofp, "Output file should not be open");
+
+        const string filename = v3Global.opt.makeDir() + "/" + topClassName() + ".cpp";
+        newCFile(filename, /* slow: */ false, /* source: */ true);
+        m_ofp = v3Global.opt.systemC() ? new V3OutScFile(filename) : new V3OutCFile(filename);
+
+        ofp()->putsHeader();
+        puts("// DESCRIPTION: Verilator output: "
+             "Model implementation (design independent parts)\n");
+
+        puts("\n");
+        puts("#include \"" + topClassName() + ".h\"\n");
+        puts("#include \"" + symClassName() + ".h\"\n");
+        if (v3Global.opt.trace()) {
+            puts("#include \"" + v3Global.opt.traceSourceLang() + ".h\"\n");
+        }
+        if (v3Global.dpi()) {  //
+            puts("#include \"verilated_dpi.h\"\n");
+        }
+
+        emitConstructorImplementation(modp);
+        emitDestructorImplementation();
+        emitStandardMethods(modp);
+        if (v3Global.opt.trace()) { emitTraceMethods(modp); }
+        if (v3Global.opt.savable()) { emitSerializationFunctions(); }
+
+        VL_DO_CLEAR(delete m_ofp, m_ofp = nullptr);
+    }
+
+    void emitDpiExportDispatchers(AstNodeModule* modp) {
+        UASSERT(!m_ofp, "Output file should not be open");
+
+        // Emit DPI Export dispatchers
+        for (AstNode* nodep = modp->stmtsp(); nodep; nodep = nodep->nextp()) {
+            AstCFunc* const funcp = VN_CAST(nodep, CFunc);
+            if (!funcp || !funcp->dpiExportDispatcher()) continue;
+
+            if (splitNeeded()) {
+                // Splitting file, so using parallel build.
+                v3Global.useParallelBuild(true);
+                // Close old file
+                VL_DO_CLEAR(delete m_ofp, m_ofp = nullptr);
+            }
+
+            if (!m_ofp) {
+                const string filename = v3Global.opt.makeDir() + "/" + topClassName()
+                                        + "__Dpi_Export_" + cvtToStr(splitFilenumInc() - 1)
+                                        + ".cpp";
+                newCFile(filename, /* slow: */ false, /* source: */ true);
+                m_ofp = v3Global.opt.systemC() ? new V3OutScFile(filename)
+                                               : new V3OutCFile(filename);
+                m_lazyDecls.reset();
+                m_ofp->putsHeader();
+                puts(
+                    "// DESCRIPTION: Verilator output: Implementation of DPI export functions.\n");
+                puts("//\n");
+                puts("#include \"" + topClassName() + ".h\"\n");
+                puts("#include \"" + symClassName() + ".h\"\n");
+                puts("#include \"verilated_dpi.h\"\n");
+                puts("\n");
+            }
+
+            iterate(funcp);
+        }
+
+        if (m_ofp) { VL_DO_CLEAR(delete m_ofp, m_ofp = nullptr); }
+    }
+
+    void main(AstNodeModule* modp) {
+        m_modp = modp;
+        emitHeader(modp);
+        emitImplementation(modp);
+        if (v3Global.dpi()) { emitDpiExportDispatchers(modp); }
+    }
+
+    // VISITORS
+
+public:
+    explicit EmitCModel(AstNetlist* netlistp) { main(netlistp->topModulep()); }
+};
+
+//######################################################################
+// EmitC class functions
+
+void V3EmitC::emitcModel() {
+    UINFO(2, __FUNCTION__ << ": " << endl);
+    { EmitCModel emit(v3Global.rootp()); }
+}

src/V3EmitCSyms.cpp

@@ -380,8 +380,7 @@ void EmitCSyms::emitSymHdr() {
     }
 
     ofp()->putsHeader();
-    puts("// DESCR"
-         "IPTION: Verilator output: Symbol table internal header\n");
+    puts("// DESCRIPTION: Verilator output: Symbol table internal header\n");
     puts("//\n");
     puts("// Internal details; most calling programs do not need this header,\n");
     puts("// unless using verilator public meta comments.\n");
@@ -395,6 +394,12 @@ void EmitCSyms::emitSymHdr() {
     } else {
         puts("#include \"verilated.h\"\n");
     }
+    if (v3Global.needTraceDumper()) {
+        puts("#include \"" + v3Global.opt.traceSourceLang() + ".h\"\n");
+    }
+
+    puts("\n// INCLUDE MODEL CLASS\n");
+    puts("\n#include \"" + topClassName() + ".h\"\n");
 
     puts("\n// INCLUDE MODULE CLASSES\n");
     for (AstNodeModule* nodep = v3Global.rootp()->modulesp(); nodep;
@@ -417,41 +422,52 @@ void EmitCSyms::emitSymHdr() {
         for (const auto& i : types) puts(i.first);
     }
 
-    puts("\n// SYMS CLASS\n");
-    puts(string("class ") + symClassName() + " : public VerilatedSyms {\n");
+    puts("\n// SYMS CLASS (contains all model state)\n");
+    puts("class " + symClassName() + " final : public VerilatedSyms {\n");
     ofp()->putsPrivate(false);  // public:
 
-    puts("\n// LOCAL STATE\n");
-    // Must be before subcells, as constructor order needed before _vlCoverInsert.
-    puts("const char* const __Vm_namep;\n");
+    puts("// INTERNAL STATE\n");
+    puts(topClassName() + "* const __Vm_modelp;\n");
 
     if (v3Global.needTraceDumper()) {
         // __Vm_dumperp is local, otherwise we wouldn't know what design's eval()
         // should call a global dumpperp
-        puts("bool __Vm_dumping;  // Dumping is active\n");
+        puts("bool __Vm_dumping = false;  // Dumping is active\n");
         puts("VerilatedMutex __Vm_dumperMutex;  // Protect __Vm_dumperp\n");
         puts(v3Global.opt.traceClassLang()
-             + "* __Vm_dumperp VL_GUARDED_BY(__Vm_dumperMutex);  /// Trace class for $dump*\n");
+             + "* __Vm_dumperp VL_GUARDED_BY(__Vm_dumperMutex) = nullptr;"
+               "  /// Trace class for $dump*\n");
     }
     if (v3Global.opt.trace()) {
-        puts("bool __Vm_activity;  ///< Used by trace routines to determine change occurred\n");
-        puts("uint32_t __Vm_baseCode;  "
-             "///< Used by trace routines when tracing multiple models\n");
+        puts("bool __Vm_activity = false;"
+             "  ///< Used by trace routines to determine change occurred\n");
+        puts("uint32_t __Vm_baseCode = 0;"
+             "  ///< Used by trace routines when tracing multiple models\n");
     }
-    puts("bool __Vm_didInit;\n");
+    puts("bool __Vm_didInit = false;\n");
 
-    puts("\n// SUBCELL STATE\n");
+    if (v3Global.opt.mtasks()) {
+        puts("VlThreadPool* const __Vm_threadPoolp;\n");
+        puts("bool __Vm_even_cycle = false;\n");
+
+        if (v3Global.opt.profThreads()) {
+            // rdtsc() at current cycle start
+            puts("vluint64_t __Vm_profile_cycle_start = 0;\n");
+            // Time we finished analysis
+            puts("vluint64_t __Vm_profile_time_finished = 0;\n");
+            // Track our position in the cache warmup and actual profile window
+            puts("vluint32_t __Vm_profile_window_ct = 0;\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    puts("\n// MODULE INSTANCE STATE\n");
     for (const auto& i : m_scopes) {
         AstScope* scopep = i.first;
         AstNodeModule* modp = i.second;
         if (VN_IS(modp, Class)) continue;
-        if (modp->isTop()) {
-            ofp()->printf("%-30s ", (prefixNameProtect(modp) + "*").c_str());
-            puts(protectIf(scopep->nameDotless() + "p", scopep->protect()) + ";\n");
-        } else {
-            ofp()->printf("%-30s ", (prefixNameProtect(modp) + "").c_str());
-            puts(protectIf(scopep->nameDotless(), scopep->protect()) + ";\n");
-        }
+        const string name = prefixNameProtect(modp);
+        ofp()->printf("%-30s ", name.c_str());
+        puts(protectIf(scopep->nameDotless(), scopep->protect()) + ";\n");
     }
 
     if (m_coverBins) {
@@ -474,28 +490,30 @@ void EmitCSyms::emitSymHdr() {
         puts("VerilatedHierarchy __Vhier;\n");
     }
 
-    puts("\n// CREATORS\n");
-    puts(symClassName() + "(VerilatedContext* contextp, " + topClassName()
-         + "* topp, const char* namep);\n");
+    puts("\n// CONSTRUCTORS\n");
+    puts(symClassName() + "(VerilatedContext* contextp, const char* namep, " + topClassName()
+         + "* modelp);\n");
     puts(string("~") + symClassName() + "();\n");
 
     for (const auto& i : m_usesVfinal) {
         puts("void " + symClassName() + "_" + cvtToStr(i.first) + "(");
-        if (i.second) {
-            puts("int __Vfinal");
-        } else {
-            puts(topClassName() + "* topp");
-        }
+        if (i.second) { puts("int __Vfinal"); }
         puts(");\n");
     }
 
     puts("\n// METHODS\n");
-    puts("inline const char* name() { return __Vm_namep; }\n");
+    puts("const char* name() { return TOP.name(); }\n");
+
+    if (v3Global.needTraceDumper()) {
+        if (!optSystemC()) puts("void _traceDump();\n");
+        puts("void _traceDumpOpen();\n");
+        puts("void _traceDumpClose();\n");
+    }
+
     if (v3Global.opt.savable()) {
         puts("void " + protect("__Vserialize") + "(VerilatedSerialize& os);\n");
         puts("void " + protect("__Vdeserialize") + "(VerilatedDeserialize& os);\n");
     }
-    puts("\n");
     puts("} VL_ATTR_ALIGNED(VL_CACHE_LINE_BYTES);\n");
 
     ofp()->putsEndGuard();
@@ -533,20 +551,12 @@ void EmitCSyms::checkSplit(bool usesVfinal) {
     }
 
     m_ofpBase->puts(symClassName() + "_" + cvtToStr(m_funcNum) + "(");
-    if (usesVfinal) {
-        m_ofpBase->puts("__Vfinal");
-    } else {
-        m_ofpBase->puts("topp");
-    }
+    if (usesVfinal) { m_ofpBase->puts("__Vfinal"); }
     m_ofpBase->puts(");\n");
 
     emitSymImpPreamble();
     puts("void " + symClassName() + "::" + symClassName() + "_" + cvtToStr(m_funcNum) + "(");
-    if (usesVfinal) {
-        puts("int __Vfinal");
-    } else {
-        puts(topClassName() + "* topp");
-    }
+    if (usesVfinal) { puts("int __Vfinal"); }
     puts(") {\n");
 }
 
@@ -558,6 +568,7 @@ void EmitCSyms::emitSymImpPreamble() {
 
     // Includes
     puts("#include \"" + symClassName() + ".h\"\n");
+    puts("#include \"" + topClassName() + ".h\"\n");
     for (AstNodeModule* nodep = v3Global.rootp()->modulesp(); nodep;
          nodep = VN_CAST(nodep->nextp(), NodeModule)) {
         if (VN_IS(nodep, Class)) continue;  // Class included earlier
@@ -631,19 +642,14 @@ void EmitCSyms::emitSymImp() {
             // NOLINTNEXTLINE(performance-inefficient-string-concatenation)
             puts("void " + symClassName() + "::" + protect(funcname) + "(" + classname
                  + "& os) {\n");
-            puts("// LOCAL STATE\n");
-            // __Vm_namep presumably already correct
+            puts("// Internal state\n");
             if (v3Global.opt.trace()) puts("os" + op + "__Vm_activity;\n");
-            puts("os" + op + "__Vm_didInit;\n");
-            puts("// SUBCELL STATE\n");
-            for (std::vector<ScopeModPair>::iterator it = m_scopes.begin(); it != m_scopes.end();
-                 ++it) {
-                AstScope* scopep = it->first;
-                AstNodeModule* modp = it->second;
-                if (!modp->isTop()) {
-                    puts(protectIf(scopep->nameDotless(), scopep->protect()) + "."
-                         + protect(funcname) + "(os);\n");
-                }
+            puts("os " + op + " __Vm_didInit;\n");
+            puts("// Module instance state\n");
+            for (const auto& pair : m_scopes) {
+                const AstScope* const scopep = pair.first;
+                puts(protectIf(scopep->nameDotless(), scopep->protect()) + "." + protect(funcname)
+                     + "(os);\n");
             }
             puts("}\n");
         }
@@ -651,61 +657,70 @@ void EmitCSyms::emitSymImp() {
     }
 
     puts("// FUNCTIONS\n");
+    // Destructor
     puts(symClassName() + "::~" + symClassName() + "()\n");
     puts("{\n");
     emitScopeHier(true);
-    puts("}\n\n");
-    puts(symClassName() + "::" + symClassName() + "(VerilatedContext* contextp, " + topClassName()
-         + "* topp, const char* namep)\n");
-    puts("    // Setup locals\n");
-    puts("    : VerilatedSyms{contextp}\n");
-    puts("    , __Vm_namep(namep)\n");  // No leak, as gets destroyed when the top is destroyed
     if (v3Global.needTraceDumper()) {
-        puts("    , __Vm_dumping(false)\n");
-        puts("    , __Vm_dumperp(nullptr)\n");
+        puts("#ifdef VM_TRACE\n");
+        puts("if (__Vm_dumping) _traceDumpClose();\n");
+        puts("#endif  // VM_TRACE\n");
     }
-    if (v3Global.opt.trace()) {
-        puts("    , __Vm_activity(false)\n");
-        puts("    , __Vm_baseCode(0)\n");
+    if (v3Global.opt.mtasks()) { puts("delete __Vm_threadPoolp;\n"); }
+    puts("}\n\n");
+
+    // Constructor
+    puts(symClassName() + "::" + symClassName() + "(VerilatedContext* contextp, const char* namep,"
+         + topClassName() + "* modelp)\n");
+    puts("    : VerilatedSyms{contextp}\n");
+    puts("    // Setup internal state of the Syms class\n");
+    puts("    , __Vm_modelp(modelp)\n");
+
+    if (v3Global.opt.mtasks()) {
+        // TODO -- For now each model creates its own ThreadPool here,
+        // and deletes it in the destructor. If A and B are each top level
+        // modules, each creates a separate thread pool.  This allows
+        // A.eval() and B.eval() to run concurrently without any
+        // interference -- so long as the physical machine has enough cores
+        // to support both pools and all testbench threads.
+        //
+        // In the future, we might want to let the client provide a
+        // threadpool to the constructor. This would allow two or more
+        // models to share a single threadpool.
+        //
+        // For example: suppose models A and B are each compiled to run on
+        // 4 threads. The client might create a single thread pool with 3
+        // threads and pass it to both models. If the client can ensure that
+        // A.eval() and B.eval() do NOT run concurrently, there will be no
+        // contention for the threads. This mode is missing for now.  (Is
+        // there demand for such a setup?)
+        //
+        // Note we create N-1 threads in the thread pool. The thread
+        // that calls eval() becomes the final Nth thread for the
+        // duration of the eval call.
+        puts("    , __Vm_threadPoolp(new VlThreadPool(_vm_contextp__, "
+             + cvtToStr(v3Global.opt.threads() - 1) + ", " + cvtToStr(v3Global.opt.profThreads())
+             + "))\n");
     }
-    puts("    , __Vm_didInit(false)\n");
-    puts("    // Setup submodule names\n");
-    char comma = ',';
+
+    puts("    // Setup module instances\n");
     for (const auto& i : m_scopes) {
-        AstScope* scopep = i.first;
-        AstNodeModule* modp = i.second;
+        const AstScope* const scopep = i.first;
+        const AstNodeModule* const modp = i.second;
+        puts("    , ");
+        puts(protect(scopep->nameDotless()));
         if (modp->isTop()) {
+            puts("(namep)\n");
         } else {
-            puts(string("    ") + comma + " " + protect(scopep->nameDotless()));
-            puts("(Verilated::catName(topp->name(), ");
             // The "." is added by catName
+            puts("(Verilated::catName(namep, ");
             putsQuoted(protectWordsIf(scopep->prettyName(), scopep->protect()));
             puts("))\n");
-            comma = ',';
-            ++m_numStmts;
         }
+        ++m_numStmts;
     }
     puts("{\n");
 
-    puts("// Pointer to top level\n");
-    puts("TOPp = topp;\n");
-    puts("// Setup each module's pointers to their submodules\n");
-    for (const auto& i : m_scopes) {
-        AstScope* scopep = i.first;
-        AstNodeModule* modp = i.second;
-        if (!modp->isTop()) {
-            checkSplit(false);
-            string arrow = scopep->name();
-            string::size_type pos;
-            while ((pos = arrow.find('.')) != string::npos) arrow.replace(pos, 1, "->");
-            if (arrow.substr(0, 5) == "TOP->") arrow.replace(0, 5, "TOPp->");
-            ofp()->puts(protectWordsIf(arrow, scopep->protect()));
-            puts(" = &");
-            puts(protectIf(scopep->nameDotless(), scopep->protect()) + ";\n");
-            ++m_numStmts;
-        }
-    }
-
     puts("// Configure time unit / time precision\n");
     if (!v3Global.rootp()->timeunit().isNone()) {
         puts("_vm_contextp__->timeunit(");
@@ -718,20 +733,38 @@ void EmitCSyms::emitSymImp() {
         puts(");\n");
     }
 
+    puts("// Setup each module's pointers to their submodules\n");
+    for (const auto& i : m_scopes) {
+        const AstScope* const scopep = i.first;
+        const AstNodeModule* const modp = i.second;
+        if (const AstScope* const aboveScopep = scopep->aboveScopep()) {
+            checkSplit(false);
+            const string protName = protectWordsIf(scopep->name(), scopep->protect());
+            if (VN_IS(modp, ClassPackage)) {
+                // ClassPackage modules seem to be a bit out of place, so hard code...
+                puts("TOP");
+            } else {
+                puts(protectIf(aboveScopep->nameDotless(), aboveScopep->protect()));
+            }
+            puts(".");
+            puts(protName.substr(protName.rfind(".") + 1));
+            puts(" = &");
+            puts(protectIf(scopep->nameDotless(), scopep->protect()) + ";\n");
+            ++m_numStmts;
+        }
+    }
+
     puts("// Setup each module's pointer back to symbol table (for public functions)\n");
-    puts("TOPp->" + protect("__Vconfigure") + "(this, true);\n");
     for (const auto& i : m_scopes) {
         AstScope* scopep = i.first;
         AstNodeModule* modp = i.second;
-        if (!modp->isTop()) {
-            checkSplit(false);
-            // first is used by AstCoverDecl's call to __vlCoverInsert
-            const bool first = !modp->user1();
-            modp->user1(true);
-            puts(protectIf(scopep->nameDotless(), scopep->protect()) + "."
-                 + protect("__Vconfigure") + "(this, " + (first ? "true" : "false") + ");\n");
-            ++m_numStmts;
-        }
+        checkSplit(false);
+        // first is used by AstCoverDecl's call to __vlCoverInsert
+        const bool first = !modp->user1();
+        modp->user1(true);
+        puts(protectIf(scopep->nameDotless(), scopep->protect()) + "." + protect("__Vconfigure")
+             + "(this, " + (first ? "true" : "false") + ");\n");
+        ++m_numStmts;
     }
 
     if (!m_scopeNames.empty()) {  // Setup scope names
@@ -777,7 +810,6 @@ void EmitCSyms::emitSymImp() {
         // Someday.  For now public isn't common.
         for (auto it = m_scopeVars.begin(); it != m_scopeVars.end(); ++it) {
             checkSplit(true);
-            AstNodeModule* modp = it->second.m_modp;
             AstScope* scopep = it->second.m_scopep;
             AstVar* varp = it->second.m_varp;
             //
@@ -829,11 +861,7 @@ void EmitCSyms::emitSymImp() {
             putsQuoted(protect(it->second.m_varBasePretty));
 
             std::string varName;
-            if (modp->isTop()) {
-                varName += (protectIf(scopep->nameDotless() + "p", scopep->protect()) + "->");
-            } else {
-                varName += (protectIf(scopep->nameDotless(), scopep->protect()) + ".");
-            }
+            varName += (protectIf(scopep->nameDotless(), scopep->protect()) + ".");
 
             if (varp->isParam()) {
                 varName += protect("var_" + varp->name());
@@ -872,6 +900,34 @@ void EmitCSyms::emitSymImp() {
     }
 
     m_ofpBase->puts("}\n");
+
+    if (v3Global.needTraceDumper()) {
+        if (!optSystemC()) {
+            puts("\nvoid " + symClassName() + "::_traceDump() {\n");
+            // Caller checked for __Vm_dumperp non-nullptr
+            puts("const VerilatedLockGuard lock(__Vm_dumperMutex);\n");
+            puts("__Vm_dumperp->dump(VL_TIME_Q());\n");
+            puts("}\n");
+        }
+
+        puts("\nvoid " + symClassName() + "::_traceDumpOpen() {\n");
+        puts("const VerilatedLockGuard lock(__Vm_dumperMutex);\n");
+        puts("if (VL_UNLIKELY(!__Vm_dumperp)) {\n");
+        puts("__Vm_dumperp = new " + v3Global.opt.traceClassLang() + "();\n");
+        puts("__Vm_modelp->trace(__Vm_dumperp, 0, 0);\n");
+        puts("std::string dumpfile = _vm_contextp__->dumpfileCheck();\n");
+        puts("__Vm_dumperp->open(dumpfile.c_str());\n");
+        puts("__Vm_dumping = true;\n");
+        puts("}\n");
+        puts("}\n");
+
+        puts("\nvoid " + symClassName() + "::_traceDumpClose() {\n");
+        puts("const VerilatedLockGuard lock(__Vm_dumperMutex);\n");
+        puts("__Vm_dumping = false;\n");
+        puts("VL_DO_CLEAR(delete __Vm_dumperp, __Vm_dumperp = nullptr);\n");
+        puts("}\n");
+    }
+
     closeSplit();
     VL_DO_CLEAR(delete m_ofp, m_ofp = nullptr);
 }

src/V3EmitXml.cpp

@@ -324,10 +324,11 @@ private:
             && nodep->level() <= 2) {  // ==2 because we don't add wrapper when in XML mode
             m_os << "<cells>\n";
             m_os << "<cell " << nodep->fileline()->xml() << " "
-                 << nodep->fileline()->xmlDetailedLocation() << " name=\"" << nodep->name() << "\""
-                 << " submodname=\"" << nodep->name() << "\""
-                 << " hier=\"" << nodep->name() << "\"";
-            m_hier = nodep->name() + ".";
+                 << nodep->fileline()->xmlDetailedLocation()  //
+                 << " name=\"" << nodep->prettyName() << "\""
+                 << " submodname=\"" << nodep->prettyName() << "\""
+                 << " hier=\"" << nodep->prettyName() << "\"";
+            m_hier = nodep->prettyName() + ".";
             m_hasChildren = false;
             iterateChildren(nodep);
             if (m_hasChildren) {

src/V3File.cpp

@@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ protected:
 public:
     VIdProtectImp() {
         passthru("this");
-        passthru("TOPp");
+        passthru("TOP");
         passthru("vlSelf");
         passthru("vlSymsp");
     }

src/V3LinkDot.cpp

@@ -592,13 +592,10 @@ public:
                 // $root we walk up to Netlist
                 else if (ident == "$root") {
                     lookupSymp = rootEntp();
-                    // We've added TOP module, now everything else is one lower
+                    // We've added the '$root' module, now everything else is one lower
                     if (!m_forPrearray) {
-                        VSymEnt* topSymp = lookupSymp->findIdFlat("TOP");
-                        if (!topSymp) {
-                            topSymp->nodep()->v3fatalSrc("TOP not found under netlist for $root");
-                        }
-                        lookupSymp = topSymp;
+                        lookupSymp = lookupSymp->findIdFlat(ident);
+                        UASSERT(lookupSymp, "Cannot find $root module under netlist");
                     }
                 }
                 // Move up and check cellname + modname

src/V3LinkLevel.cpp

@@ -139,7 +139,9 @@ void V3LinkLevel::wrapTop(AstNetlist* rootp) {
         UINFO(1, "No module found to wrap\n");
         return;
     }
-    AstNodeModule* newmodp = new AstModule(oldmodp->fileline(), string("TOP"));
+
+    AstNodeModule* newmodp = new AstModule(oldmodp->fileline(), "$root");
+    newmodp->name(AstNode::encodeName(newmodp->name()));  // so origName is nice
     // Make the new module first in the list
     oldmodp->unlinkFrBackWithNext();
     newmodp->addNext(oldmodp);

src/V3Partition.cpp

@@ -2617,9 +2617,10 @@ static void addMTaskToFunction(const ThreadSchedule& schedule, const uint32_t th
         recName = "__Vprfthr_" + cvtToStr(mtaskp->id());
         addStrStmt("VlProfileRec* " + recName + " = nullptr;\n");
         // Leave this if() here, as don't want to call VL_RDTSC_Q unless profiling
-        addStrStmt("if (VL_UNLIKELY(vlSelf->__Vm_profile_cycle_start)) {\n" +  //
-                   recName + " = vlSelf->__Vm_threadPoolp->profileAppend();\n" +  //
-                   recName + "->startRecord(VL_RDTSC_Q() - vlSelf->__Vm_profile_cycle_start," +  //
+        addStrStmt("if (VL_UNLIKELY(vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_cycle_start)) {\n" +  //
+                   recName + " = vlSymsp->__Vm_threadPoolp->profileAppend();\n" +  //
+                   recName + "->startRecord(VL_RDTSC_Q() - vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_cycle_start,"
+                   +  //
                    " " + cvtToStr(mtaskp->id()) + "," +  //
                    " " + cvtToStr(mtaskp->cost()) + ");\n" +  //
                    "}\n");
@@ -2634,7 +2635,7 @@ static void addMTaskToFunction(const ThreadSchedule& schedule, const uint32_t th
     if (v3Global.opt.profThreads()) {
         // Leave this if() here, as don't want to call VL_RDTSC_Q unless profiling
         addStrStmt("if (VL_UNLIKELY(" + recName + ")) {\n" +  //
-                   recName + "->endRecord(VL_RDTSC_Q() - vlSelf->__Vm_profile_cycle_start);\n"
+                   recName + "->endRecord(VL_RDTSC_Q() - vlSymsp->__Vm_profile_cycle_start);\n"
                    + "}\n");
     }
 
@@ -2672,7 +2673,7 @@ static const std::vector<AstCFunc*> createThreadFunctions(const ThreadSchedule&
         funcp->argTypes("void* voidSelf, bool even_cycle");
 
         // Setup vlSelf an vlSyms
-        funcp->addStmtsp(new AstCStmt(fl, EmitCBaseVisitor::voidSelfAssign()));
+        funcp->addStmtsp(new AstCStmt(fl, EmitCBaseVisitor::voidSelfAssign(modp)));
         funcp->addStmtsp(new AstCStmt(fl, EmitCBaseVisitor::symClassAssign()));
 
         // Invoke each mtask scheduled to this thread from the thread function
@@ -2710,26 +2711,26 @@ static void addThreadStartToExecGraph(AstExecGraph* const execGraphp,
         execGraphp->addStmtsp(new AstText(fl, text, /* tracking: */ true));
     };
 
-    addStrStmt("vlSelf->__Vm_even_cycle = !vlSelf->__Vm_even_cycle;\n");
+    addStrStmt("vlSymsp->__Vm_even_cycle = !vlSymsp->__Vm_even_cycle;\n");
 
     const uint32_t last = funcps.size() - 1;
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= last; ++i) {
         AstCFunc* const funcp = funcps.at(i);
         if (i != last) {
             // The first N-1 will run on the thread pool.
-            addTextStmt("vlSelf->__Vm_threadPoolp->workerp(" + cvtToStr(i) + ")->addTask(");
+            addTextStmt("vlSymsp->__Vm_threadPoolp->workerp(" + cvtToStr(i) + ")->addTask(");
             execGraphp->addStmtsp(new AstAddrOfCFunc(fl, funcp));
-            addTextStmt(", vlSelf, vlSelf->__Vm_even_cycle);\n");
+            addTextStmt(", vlSelf, vlSymsp->__Vm_even_cycle);\n");
         } else {
             // The last will run on the main thread.
             AstCCall* const callp = new AstCCall(fl, funcp);
-            callp->argTypes("vlSelf, vlSelf->__Vm_even_cycle");
+            callp->argTypes("vlSelf, vlSymsp->__Vm_even_cycle");
             execGraphp->addStmtsp(callp);
             addStrStmt("Verilated::mtaskId(0);\n");
         }
     }
 
-    addStrStmt("vlSelf->__Vm_mtaskstate_final.waitUntilUpstreamDone(vlSelf->__Vm_even_cycle);\n");
+    addStrStmt("vlSelf->__Vm_mtaskstate_final.waitUntilUpstreamDone(vlSymsp->__Vm_even_cycle);\n");
 }
 
 static void implementExecGraph(AstExecGraph* const execGraphp) {

src/Verilator.cpp

@@ -511,6 +511,7 @@ static void process() {
         V3EmitC::emitcInlines();
         V3EmitC::emitcSyms();
         V3EmitC::emitcConstPool();
+        V3EmitC::emitcModel();
         V3EmitC::emitcTrace();
     } else if (v3Global.opt.dpiHdrOnly()) {
         V3EmitC::emitcSyms(true);

test_regress/t/t_alw_noreorder.pl

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ file_grep($Self->{stats}, qr/Optimizations, Split always\s+(\d+)/i, 0);
 # Here we should see some dly vars since reorder is disabled.
 # (Whereas our twin test, t_alw_reorder, should see no dly vars
 #  since it enables the reorder step.)
-file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.cpp", qr/dly__t__DOT__v1/i);
-file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.cpp", qr/dly__t__DOT__v2/i);
+file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root.cpp", qr/dly__t__DOT__v1/i);
+file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root.cpp", qr/dly__t__DOT__v2/i);
 
 execute(
     check_finished=>1,

test_regress/t/t_c_this.pl

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ compile();
 if ($Self->{vlt_all}) {
     # The word 'this' (but only the whole word 'this' should have been replaced
     # in the contents.
-    my $file = "$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.cpp";
+    my $file = "$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root.cpp";
     my $text = file_contents($file);
     error("$file has 'this->clk'") if ($text =~ m/\bthis->clk\b/);
     error("$file does not have 'xthis'") if ($text !~ m/\bxthis\b/);

test_regress/t/t_debug_emitv.out

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-module Vt_debug_emitv;
+module Vt_debug_emitv___024root;
     input logic clk;
     input logic in;
     signed int [31:0]  t.array[0:2];

test_regress/t/t_dist_portability.pl

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ sub cstr {
     my $grep = `$cmd`;
     my %names;
     foreach my $line (split /\n/, $grep) {
-        if ($line =~ /^([^:]+).*\(\)[a-z0-9_().->]*[.->]+(c_str|r?begin|r?end)\(\)/) {
+        if ($line =~ /^([^:]+)[^"]*\(\)[a-z0-9_().->]*[.->]+(c_str|r?begin|r?end)\(\)/) {
             next if $line =~ /lintok-begin-on-ref/;
             print "$line\n";
             $names{$1} = 1;

test_regress/t/t_emit_memb_limit.pl

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ execute(
     check_finished => 1,
     );
 
-file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/struct \{/);
+file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root.h", qr/struct \{/);
 
 ok(1);
 1;

test_regress/t/t_flag_comp_limit_parens.pl

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ execute(
     check_finished => 1,
     );
 
-file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_flag_comp_limit_parens__Slow.cpp", qr/Vdeeptemp/x);
+file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_flag_comp_limit_parens___024root__Slow.cpp", qr/Vdeeptemp/x);
 
 ok(1);
 1;

test_regress/t/t_flag_csplit_off.pl

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ while (1) {
 
 sub check_no_splits {
     foreach my $file (glob("$Self->{obj_dir}/*.cpp")) {
+        $file =~ s/__024root//;
         if ($file =~ qr/__\d/) {
             error("Split file found: $file");
         }

test_regress/t/t_flag_xinitial_0.pl

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ execute(
     check_finished => 1,
     );
 
-file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}__Slow.cpp", qr/VL_RAND_RESET/);
+file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root__Slow.cpp", qr/VL_RAND_RESET/);
 
 ok(1);
 1;

test_regress/t/t_flag_xinitial_unique.pl

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ execute(
     check_finished => 1,
     );
 
-file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}__Slow.cpp", qr/VL_RAND_RESET/);
+file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root__Slow.cpp", qr/VL_RAND_RESET/);
 
 ok(1);
 1;

test_regress/t/t_foreach.pl

@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ execute(
 
 # We expect all loops should be unrolled by verilator,
 # none of the loop variables should exist in the output:
-file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.cpp", qr/index_/);
-file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}__Slow.cpp", qr/index_/);
+file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root.cpp", qr/index_/);
+file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root__Slow.cpp", qr/index_/);
 
 # Further, we expect that all logic within the loop should
 # have been evaluated inside the compiler. So there should be
 # no references to 'sum' in the .cpp.
-file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.cpp", qr/sum/);
-file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}__Slow.cpp", qr/sum/);
+file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root.cpp", qr/sum/);
+file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root__Slow.cpp", qr/sum/);
 
 ok(1);
 1;

test_regress/t/t_optm_if_array.pl

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ execute(
     check_finished => 1,
     );
 
-file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.cpp", qr/rstn_r/);
-file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}__Slow.cpp", qr/rstn_r/);
+file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root.cpp", qr/rstn_r/);
+file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root__Slow.cpp", qr/rstn_r/);
 
 ok(1);
 1;

test_regress/t/t_optm_redor.pl

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ execute(
     check_finished => 1,
     );
 
-file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.cpp", qr/rstn_r/);
-file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}__Slow.cpp", qr/rstn_r/);
+file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root.cpp", qr/rstn_r/);
+file_grep_not("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}___024root__Slow.cpp", qr/rstn_r/);
 
 ok(1);
 1;

test_regress/t/t_protect_ids_key.out

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" ?>
 <!-- DESCRIPTION: Verilator output: XML representation of netlist -->
 <verilator_id_map>
+  <map from="TOP" to="TOP"/>
   <map from="PSlhR1" to="TOP__t__DOT__secret_inst"/>
-  <map from="TOPp" to="TOPp"/>
   <map from="PS5Fdb" to="Vt_protect_ids_key__Vcb_dpix_a_func_t"/>
   <map from="PSlYpp" to="Vt_protect_ids_key__Vcb_dpix_a_task_t"/>
   <map from="PSOAAo" to="_Syms"/>
+  <map from="PS9tBB" to="__024root"/>
   <map from="PSm6SZ" to="__PVT__secret_cyc"/>
   <map from="PSfqIT" to="__PVT__secret_cyc_r"/>
   <map from="PStVCQ" to="__PVT__secret_r"/>

test_regress/t/t_trace_two_cc.cpp

@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@
 
 // Compile in place
 #include "Vt_trace_two_b.cpp"
-#include "Vt_trace_two_b__Slow.cpp"
 #include "Vt_trace_two_b__Syms.cpp"
+#include "Vt_trace_two_b___024root.cpp"
+#include "Vt_trace_two_b___024root__Slow.cpp"
 #include "Vt_trace_two_b__Trace.cpp"
 #include "Vt_trace_two_b__Trace__Slow.cpp"
 

test_regress/t/t_trace_two_sc.cpp

@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
 
 // Compile in place
 #include "Vt_trace_two_b.cpp"
-#include "Vt_trace_two_b__Slow.cpp"
+#include "Vt_trace_two_b___024root.cpp"
+#include "Vt_trace_two_b___024root__Slow.cpp"
 #include "Vt_trace_two_b__Syms.cpp"
 #include "Vt_trace_two_b__Trace.cpp"
 #include "Vt_trace_two_b__Trace__Slow.cpp"

test_regress/t/t_tri_inz.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 
 #include "Vt_tri_inz.h"
+#include "Vt_tri_inz___024root.h"
 
 VM_PREFIX* tb = nullptr;
 bool pass = true;
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ void checkone(const char* name, int got, int exp) {
 
 void check(int d, int en, int exp0, int exp1, int expx, int expz) {
     tb->d = d;
-    tb->d__en0 = en;
+    tb->rootp->d__en0 = en;
     tb->eval();
 #ifdef TEST_VERBOSE
     printf("Drive d=%d en=%d got0=%d/1=%d/x=%d/z=%d  exp0=%d/1=%d/x=%d/z=%d\n", d, en, tb->ext0,

test_regress/t/t_unopt_converge_initial_run_bad.out

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 -V{t#,#}- Verilated::debug is on. Message prefix indicates {<thread>,<sequence_number>}.
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_unopt_converge_initial_run_bad___change_request
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_unopt_converge_initial_run_bad___024root___change_request
 -V{t#,#}        CHANGE: t/t_unopt_converge_initial.v:19: x
 %Error: t/t_unopt_converge_initial.v:7: Verilated model didn't DC converge
 Aborting...

test_regress/t/t_unopt_converge_print_bad.out

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 -V{t#,#}- Verilated::debug is on. Message prefix indicates {<thread>,<sequence_number>}.
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_unopt_converge_print_bad___change_request
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_unopt_converge_print_bad___024root___change_request
 -V{t#,#}        CHANGE: t/t_unopt_converge.v:19: x
 %Error: t/t_unopt_converge.v:7: Verilated model didn't converge
 Aborting...

test_regress/t/t_unopt_converge_run_bad.out

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 -V{t#,#}- Verilated::debug is on. Message prefix indicates {<thread>,<sequence_number>}.
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_unopt_converge_run_bad___change_request
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_unopt_converge_run_bad___024root___change_request
 -V{t#,#}        CHANGE: t/t_unopt_converge.v:19: x
 %Error: t/t_unopt_converge.v:7: Verilated model didn't converge
 Aborting...

test_regress/t/t_var_pins_cc.pl

@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ compile(
     );
 
 {
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_IN8  \(i1,0,0\);/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_IN8  \(i8,7,0\);/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_IN16 \(i16,15,0\);/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_IN   \(i32,31,0\);/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_IN64 \(i64,63,0\);/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_INW  \(i65,64,0,3\);/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_IN8  \(&i1,0,0\);/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_IN8  \(&i8,7,0\);/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_IN16 \(&i16,15,0\);/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_IN   \(&i32,31,0\);/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_IN64 \(&i64,63,0\);/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_INW  \(\(&i65\),64,0,3\);/x);
 
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_OUT8 \(o1,0,0\);/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_OUT8 \(o8,7,0\);/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_OUT16\(o16,15,0\);/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_OUT  \(o32,31,0\);/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_OUT64\(o64,63,0\);/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_OUTW \(o65,64,0,3\);/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_OUT8 \(&o1,0,0\);/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_OUT8 \(&o8,7,0\);/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_OUT16\(&o16,15,0\);/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_OUT  \(&o32,31,0\);/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_OUT64\(&o64,63,0\);/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/Vt_var_pins_cc.h", qr/VL_OUTW \(\(&o65\),64,0,3\);/x);
 }
 
 ok(1);

test_regress/t/t_var_pins_sc1.pl

@@ -18,27 +18,27 @@ compile(
     );
 
 if ($Self->{vlt_all}) {
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ i1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<8>\s> \s+ i8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ i16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<32>\s> \s+ i32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<64>\s> \s+ i64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ i65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ ibv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ ibv16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ ibv1_vlt;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ ibv16_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &i1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<8>\s> \s+ &i8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &i16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<32>\s> \s+ &i32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<64>\s> \s+ &i64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ &i65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &ibv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &ibv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &ibv1_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &ibv16_vlt;/x);
 
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ o1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<8>\s> \s+ o8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ o16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<32>\s> \s+ o32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<64>\s> \s+ o64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ o65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ obv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ obv16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ obv1_vlt;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ obv16_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &o1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<8>\s> \s+ &o8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &o16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<32>\s> \s+ &o32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<64>\s> \s+ &o64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ &o65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &obv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &obv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &obv1_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &obv16_vlt;/x);
 }
 
 execute();

test_regress/t/t_var_pins_sc2.pl

@@ -18,27 +18,27 @@ compile(
     );
 
 {
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ i1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<8>\s> \s+ i8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ i16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<32>\s> \s+ i32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<64>\s> \s+ i64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ i65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ ibv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ ibv16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ ibv1_vlt;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ ibv16_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ &i1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<8>\s> \s+ &i8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &i16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<32>\s> \s+ &i32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<64>\s> \s+ &i64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ &i65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &ibv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &ibv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &ibv1_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &ibv16_vlt;/x);
 
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ o1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<8>\s> \s+ o8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ o16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<32>\s> \s+ o32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<64>\s> \s+ o64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ o65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ obv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ obv16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ obv1_vlt;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ obv16_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ &o1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<8>\s> \s+ &o8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &o16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<32>\s> \s+ &o32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<64>\s> \s+ &o64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ &o65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &obv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &obv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &obv1_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &obv16_vlt;/x);
 }
 
 execute();

test_regress/t/t_var_pins_sc32.pl

@@ -18,27 +18,27 @@ compile(
     );
 
 {
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ i1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ i8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ i16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ i32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<64>\s> \s+ i64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ i65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ ibv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ ibv16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ ibv1_vlt;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ ibv16_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ &i1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ &i8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ &i16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ &i32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<64>\s> \s+ &i64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ &i65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &ibv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &ibv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &ibv1_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &ibv16_vlt;/x);
 
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ o1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ o8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ o16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ o32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<64>\s> \s+ o64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ o65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ obv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ obv16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ obv1_vlt;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ obv16_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ &o1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ &o8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ &o16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ &o32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<64>\s> \s+ &o64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ &o65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &obv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &obv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &obv1_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &obv16_vlt;/x);
 }
 
 execute();

test_regress/t/t_var_pins_sc64.pl

@@ -18,27 +18,27 @@ compile(
     );
 
 if ($Self->{vlt_all}) {
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ i1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ i8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ i16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ i32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<vluint64_t> \s+ i64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ i65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ ibv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ ibv16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ ibv1_vlt;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ ibv16_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ &i1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ &i8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ &i16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ &i32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<vluint64_t> \s+ &i64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ &i65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &ibv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &ibv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &ibv1_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &ibv16_vlt;/x);
 
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ o1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ o8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ o16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ o32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<vluint64_t> \s+ o64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ o65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ obv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ obv16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ obv1_vlt;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ obv16_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ &o1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ &o8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ &o16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ &o32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<vluint64_t> \s+ &o64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ &o65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &obv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &obv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &obv1_vlt;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &obv16_vlt;/x);
 }
 
 execute();

test_regress/t/t_var_pins_sc_biguint.pl

@@ -18,27 +18,27 @@ compile(
     );
 
 if ($Self->{vlt_all}) {
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ i1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ i8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ i16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ i32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<vluint64_t> \s+ i64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_biguint<65>\s> \s+ i65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_biguint<128>\s> \s+ i128;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<513>\s> \s+ i513;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ ibv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ ibv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ &i1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ &i8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ &i16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ &i32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<vluint64_t> \s+ &i64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_biguint<65>\s> \s+ &i65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_biguint<128>\s> \s+ &i128;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<513>\s> \s+ &i513;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &ibv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &ibv16;/x);
 
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ o1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ o8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ o16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ o32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<vluint64_t> \s+ o64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_biguint<65>\s> \s+ o65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_biguint<128>\s> \s+ o128;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<513>\s> \s+ o513;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ obv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ obv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ &o1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ &o8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ &o16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ &o32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<vluint64_t> \s+ &o64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_biguint<65>\s> \s+ &o65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_biguint<128>\s> \s+ &o128;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<513>\s> \s+ &o513;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &obv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &obv16;/x);
 }
 
 execute();

test_regress/t/t_var_pins_sc_uint.pl

@@ -18,27 +18,27 @@ compile(
     );
 
 {
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ i1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<8>\s> \s+ i8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<16>\s> \s+ i16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<32>\s> \s+ i32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<64>\s> \s+ i64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ i65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<128>\s> \s+ i128;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<513>\s> \s+ i513;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ ibv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ ibv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ &i1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<8>\s> \s+ &i8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<16>\s> \s+ &i16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<32>\s> \s+ &i32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<64>\s> \s+ &i64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ &i65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<128>\s> \s+ &i128;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<513>\s> \s+ &i513;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &ibv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &ibv16;/x);
 
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ o1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<8>\s> \s+ o8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<16>\s> \s+ o16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<32>\s> \s+ o32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<64>\s> \s+ o64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ o65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<128>\s> \s+ o128;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<513>\s> \s+ o513;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ obv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ obv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ &o1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<8>\s> \s+ &o8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<16>\s> \s+ &o16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<32>\s> \s+ &o32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<64>\s> \s+ &o64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ &o65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<128>\s> \s+ &o128;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<513>\s> \s+ &o513;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &obv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &obv16;/x);
 }
 
 execute();

test_regress/t/t_var_pins_sc_uint_biguint.pl

@@ -18,27 +18,27 @@ compile(
     );
 
 {
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ i1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<8>\s> \s+ i8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<16>\s> \s+ i16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<32>\s> \s+ i32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<64>\s> \s+ i64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_biguint<65>\s> \s+ i65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_biguint<128>\s> \s+ i128;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<513>\s> \s+ i513;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ ibv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ ibv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ &i1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<8>\s> \s+ &i8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<16>\s> \s+ &i16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<32>\s> \s+ &i32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_uint<64>\s> \s+ &i64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_biguint<65>\s> \s+ &i65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_biguint<128>\s> \s+ &i128;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<513>\s> \s+ &i513;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &ibv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &ibv16;/x);
 
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ o1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<8>\s> \s+ o8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<16>\s> \s+ o16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<32>\s> \s+ o32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<64>\s> \s+ o64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_biguint<65>\s> \s+ o65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_biguint<128>\s> \s+ o128;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<513>\s> \s+ o513;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ obv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ obv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ &o1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<8>\s> \s+ &o8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<16>\s> \s+ &o16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<32>\s> \s+ &o32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_uint<64>\s> \s+ &o64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_biguint<65>\s> \s+ &o65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_biguint<128>\s> \s+ &o128;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<513>\s> \s+ &o513;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &obv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &obv16;/x);
 }
 
 execute();

test_regress/t/t_var_pins_scui.pl

@@ -18,23 +18,23 @@ compile(
     );
 
 if ($Self->{vlt_all}) {
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ i1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint8_t> \s+ i8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint16_t> \s+ i16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ i32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<vluint64_t> \s+ i64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ i65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ ibv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ ibv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<bool> \s+ &i1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint8_t> \s+ &i8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint16_t> \s+ &i16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<uint32_t> \s+ &i32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<vluint64_t> \s+ &i64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ &i65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &ibv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_in<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &ibv16;/x);
 
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ o1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint8_t> \s+ o8;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint16_t> \s+ o16;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ o32;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<vluint64_t> \s+ o64;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ o65;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ obv1;/x);
-    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ obv16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<bool> \s+ &o1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint8_t> \s+ &o8;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint16_t> \s+ &o16;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<uint32_t> \s+ &o32;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<vluint64_t> \s+ &o64;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<65>\s> \s+ &o65;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<1>\s> \s+ &obv1;/x);
+    file_grep("$Self->{obj_dir}/$Self->{VM_PREFIX}.h", qr/sc_out<sc_bv<16>\s> \s+ &obv16;/x);
 }
 
 execute();

test_regress/t/t_verilated_debug.out

@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
 -V{t#,#}- Verilated::debug is on. Message prefix indicates {<thread>,<sequence_number>}.
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___ctor_var_reset
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___ctor_var_reset
 internalsDump:
   Version: Verilator ###
   Argv: obj_vlt/t_verilated_debug/Vt_verilated_debug
   scopesDump:
 
 -V{t#,#}+++++TOP Evaluate Vt_verilated_debug::eval_step
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___eval_debug_assertions
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___eval_initial
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___initial__TOP__1
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___eval_debug_assertions
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___eval_initial
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___initial__TOP__1
   Data: w96: 000000aa 000000bb 000000cc 
 -V{t#,#}+ Initial loop
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___eval_settle
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___eval
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___change_request
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___change_request_1
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___eval_settle
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___eval
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___change_request
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___change_request_1
 -V{t#,#}+ Clock loop
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___eval
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___change_request
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___change_request_1
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___eval
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___change_request
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___change_request_1
 -V{t#,#}+++++TOP Evaluate Vt_verilated_debug::eval_step
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___eval_debug_assertions
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___eval_debug_assertions
 -V{t#,#}+ Clock loop
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___eval
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___sequent__TOP__2
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___eval
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___sequent__TOP__2
 *-* All Finished *-*
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___change_request
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___change_request_1
--V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___final
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___change_request
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___change_request_1
+-V{t#,#}+    Vt_verilated_debug___024root___final

test_regress/t/t_xml_flat.out

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
     <file id="d" filename="t/t_xml_first.v" language="1800-2017"/>
   </module_files>
   <cells>
-    <cell fl="d7" loc="d,7,8,7,9" name="TOP" submodname="TOP" hier="TOP"/>
+    <cell fl="d7" loc="d,7,8,7,9" name="$root" submodname="$root" hier="$root"/>
   </cells>
   <netlist>
-    <module fl="d7" loc="d,7,8,7,9" name="TOP" origName="TOP" topModule="1" public="true">
+    <module fl="d7" loc="d,7,8,7,9" name="$root" origName="$root" topModule="1" public="true">
       <var fl="d13" loc="d,13,10,13,13" name="clk" dtype_id="1" dir="input" pinIndex="2" vartype="logic" origName="clk" clocker="true" public="true"/>
       <var fl="d14" loc="d,14,16,14,17" name="d" dtype_id="2" dir="input" pinIndex="3" vartype="logic" origName="d" public="true"/>
       <var fl="d15" loc="d,15,22,15,23" name="q" dtype_id="2" dir="output" pinIndex="1" vartype="logic" origName="q" public="true"/>

test_regress/t/t_xml_flat_no_inline_mod.out

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
     <file id="d" filename="t/t_xml_flat_no_inline_mod.v" language="1800-2017"/>
   </module_files>
   <cells>
-    <cell fl="d11" loc="d,11,8,11,11" name="TOP" submodname="TOP" hier="TOP"/>
+    <cell fl="d11" loc="d,11,8,11,11" name="$root" submodname="$root" hier="$root"/>
   </cells>
   <netlist>
-    <module fl="d11" loc="d,11,8,11,11" name="TOP" origName="TOP" topModule="1" public="true">
+    <module fl="d11" loc="d,11,8,11,11" name="$root" origName="$root" topModule="1" public="true">
       <var fl="d11" loc="d,11,24,11,29" name="i_clk" dtype_id="1" dir="input" pinIndex="1" vartype="logic" origName="i_clk" public="true"/>
       <var fl="d11" loc="d,11,24,11,29" name="top.i_clk" dtype_id="1" vartype="logic" origName="i_clk"/>
       <var fl="d7" loc="d,7,24,7,29" name="top.f.i_clk" dtype_id="1" vartype="logic" origName="i_clk"/>

test_regress/t/t_xml_flat_pub_mod.out

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
     <file id="d" filename="t/t_xml_flat_pub_mod.v" language="1800-2017"/>
   </module_files>
   <cells>
-    <cell fl="d11" loc="d,11,8,11,11" name="TOP" submodname="TOP" hier="TOP"/>
+    <cell fl="d11" loc="d,11,8,11,11" name="$root" submodname="$root" hier="$root"/>
   </cells>
   <netlist>
-    <module fl="d11" loc="d,11,8,11,11" name="TOP" origName="TOP" topModule="1" public="true">
+    <module fl="d11" loc="d,11,8,11,11" name="$root" origName="$root" topModule="1" public="true">
       <var fl="d11" loc="d,11,24,11,29" name="i_clk" dtype_id="1" dir="input" pinIndex="1" vartype="logic" origName="i_clk" public="true"/>
       <var fl="d11" loc="d,11,24,11,29" name="top.i_clk" dtype_id="1" vartype="logic" origName="i_clk"/>
       <var fl="d7" loc="d,7,24,7,29" name="top.f.i_clk" dtype_id="1" vartype="logic" origName="i_clk"/>

test_regress/t/t_xml_flat_vlvbound.out

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
     <file id="d" filename="t/t_xml_flat_vlvbound.v" language="1800-2017"/>
   </module_files>
   <cells>
-    <cell fl="d7" loc="d,7,8,7,21" name="TOP" submodname="TOP" hier="TOP"/>
+    <cell fl="d7" loc="d,7,8,7,21" name="$root" submodname="$root" hier="$root"/>
   </cells>
   <netlist>
-    <module fl="d7" loc="d,7,8,7,21" name="TOP" origName="TOP" topModule="1" public="true">
+    <module fl="d7" loc="d,7,8,7,21" name="$root" origName="$root" topModule="1" public="true">
       <var fl="d9" loc="d,9,25,9,28" name="i_a" dtype_id="1" dir="input" pinIndex="1" vartype="logic" origName="i_a" public="true"/>
       <var fl="d10" loc="d,10,25,10,28" name="i_b" dtype_id="1" dir="input" pinIndex="2" vartype="logic" origName="i_b" public="true"/>
       <var fl="d11" loc="d,11,25,11,28" name="o_a" dtype_id="2" dir="output" pinIndex="3" vartype="logic" origName="o_a" public="true"/>